In skeletal muscle under anaerobic conditions, pyruvate is further reduced to lactate. What is the net equation for the pavoff phase of glycolvsis?
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- The standard free energy change for this reaction in the direction written is +23.8 kuimol. The tabie shows the concentrations of the three intermediates in the hepatocyte of a mammal. Intermediate Concentration (M) Fructose 1.0-bisphosphate 0.000028 Gyoeraldehyde 3phosphate 0.0000068 Ditydroxyacetone phosphate 0.000032 At body temperature (37 "C). what is the actual free energy change for the reaction (in kimol) ?In the third step of glycolysis, the given reactions are coupled. reaction 1: fructose-6-phosphate + Pi ⟶ fructose-1,6-bisphosphate + H2O (Δ? = −28 kJ/mol) reaction 2: ATP + H2O ⟶ ADP + Pi (Δ? = +13.8 kJ/mol) Calculate the overall ΔG (kJ/mol) for the coupled reaction.The first reaction in glycolysis is the phosphorylation of glucose: Pi + glucose → glucose-6-phosphate + H2O This is a thermodynamically unfavorable process, with ∆G°′ = +13.8 kJ/mol. (a) In a liver cell at 37 °C the concentrations of both phosphate and glucose are normally maintained at about 5 mM each. What would be the equilibrium concentration of glucose-6-phosphate, according to the above data? (b) This very low concentration of the desired product would be unfavorable for glycolysis. In fact, the reaction is coupled to ATP hydrolysis to give the overall reaction ATP + glucose → glucose-6-phosphate + ADP + H+ What is ∆G°′ for the coupled reaction? (c) If, in addition to the constraints on glucose concentration listed previously, we have in the liver cell ATP concentration = 3 mM and ADP concentration = 1 mM, what is the theoretical concentration of glucose6-phosphate at equilibrium at pH = 7.4 and 37 °C? The answer…
- The first reaction in glycolysis is the phosphorylation of glucose to form glucose 6-phosphate: P₁+ glucose glucose 6-phosphate + H₂O This is a thermodynamically unfavorable reaction, with AG° = +13.8 kJ/mol. a) In a liver cell at 37°C the concentrations of both phosphate and glucose are normally maintained at about 5 mM each. What is the equilibrium concentration of glucose 6- phosphate, according to the above reaction? b) This very low concentration of glucose 6-phosphate is unfavorable for glycolysis. In fact, the reaction is coupled to the hydrolysis of ATP: ATP + H₂O2 ADP + P₁ +H* AG°¹ = -32.2 kJ/mol Write the expression for the overall reaction and calculate AG°¹. c) In addition to the glucose and phosphate concentrations listed in part (a) above, assume that the liver cell concentrations of ATP and ADP are 3 mM and 1 mM, respectively. Calculate the theoretical equilibrium concentration of glucose 6-phosphate at pH = 7.4 and 37 °C. C ZOOM +The glucose/glucose-6-phosphate substrate cycle involves distinct reactions of glycolysis and gluconcogenesis that interconvert these two metabolites. Assume that under physiological conditions, [ATP] = [ADP] and [Pi] =1 mM. Consider the following glycolytic reaction catalyzed by hexokinase: ATP + glucose = AG' = -16.7 kJ/mol ADP + glucose-6-phosphate (a) Calculate the equilibrium constant (K) for this reaction at 298 K, and from that, calculate the maximum [glucose-6-phosphate]/[glucose] ratio that would exist under conditions where the reaction is still thermody- namically favorable. (b) The reverse of this interconversion in gluconeogenesis is catalyzed by glucose-6-phosphatase: glucose-6-phosphate + H,0 = glucose + P, AGr = -13.8 kJ/mol K= 262 for this reaction. Calculate the maximum ratio of [glucose]/ [glucose-6-phosphate] that would exist under conditions where the reaction is still thermodynamically favorable. (c) Under what cellular conditions would both directions in the…Coupled reactions occur where a nonspontaneous reaction is enabled by coupling it to a spontaneous reaction. This approach is common in biological settings. Determine if ATP could be generated by this biochemical reaction. You have calculated that cell potential is +0.637V. An example of a coupled reaction is the first step of glycolysis, the phosphorylation of glucose to form glucose-6-phosphate shown below. kJ/mol The net AG° for this reaction is 1 2 3 н он H. H- H- H H H H 4 6. H. glucose phosphate anion glucose-6-phosphate AG = +14.0 kJ/mol 7 8 9. АТР ADP phosphate anion AG = -30.5 kJ/mol +/- LO
- The first reaction in Glycolysis is the phosphorylation of Glucose: Pi + Glucose - Glucose 6-Phosphate + water This is a thermodynamically unfavorable process with a AG,' = +13.8 kJ/mol. In a liver cell at 37°c the concentrations of both phosphate and glucose are normally maintained at about 0.005 M each. What would be the equilibrium concentration of Glucose 6-Phosphate according to the above data? Note: In the biochemical standard state [H2O] = 1.0 Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a 0.00000012 0.0000025 0.00000025 0.00474 e 0.005 1.0 0.1 h 0.25 i 2.4The first reaction in Glycolysis is the phosphorylation of Glucose:Pi + Glucose → Glucose 6-Phosphate + waterThis is a thermodynamically unfavorable process with a ∆G0’ = +13.8 kJ/mol. In a liver cell at370C the concentrations of both phosphate and glucose are normally maintained at about 0.005 M each. What would be the equilibrium concentration of Glucose 6-Phosphate according to the above data? Note: In the biochemical standard state [H2O] = 1.0 a. 0.00000012 b. 0.0000025 c. 0.00000025 d. 0.00474 e. 0.005 f. 1.0 g. 0.1 h. 0.25 i. 2.4The first reaction in Glycolysis is the phosphorylation of Glucose:Pi + Glucose → Glucose 6-Phosphate + waterThis is a thermodynamically unfavorable process with a ∆G0’ = +13.8 kJ/mol. In a liver cell at370C the concentrations of both phosphate and glucose are normally maintained at about 0.005 M each. What would be the equilibrium concentration of Glucose 6-Phosphate according to the above data? Note: In the biochemical standard state [H2O] = 1.0 (this will help with the question below) When the reaction described in question number 3 is coupled to the hydrolysis of ATP the equilibrium concentration of Glucose 6-Phosphate goes to: a. 10.5 b. 350 c. 3000 d. 77 e. 4.5 f. 55 g. 550 h. 652 i. 1120
- The following nutrient molecule is digested and transported to a cell where it undergoes further catabolism: HO HO он OH HO- OH OH OH In the table below, list the important products of the complete glycolysis of this molecule. • In the first column of the table, write the chemical formula, name, or standard biochemical symbol for a product molecule. In the second column, write the total number of these molecules produced. Add Row • Only list the important products, including (1) molecules with any of the carbon atoms originally in the molecule above, (2) energy storage molecules (like ATP), and (3) any newly oxidized or reduced coenzymes. • List each product molecule on a separate row. You can add more rows to the table if you need them. • Be sure you write the number of product molecules formed by the complete glycolysis of the molecule above. • If the molecules does not undergo glycolysis at all, check the box under the table and leave the table blank. product (name, chemical…Draw OUT THE arrow pushing reaction mechanism for the following steps of glycolysis: SHOW/IDENTIFY the arrow pushing mechanism in at least 2 steps. CH,OPO CH,OH hexokinase 2+ H H H H H H ОН + ATP OH H ADP + H+ H ОН + НО HO OH H ОН H ОН Glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) GlucoseThe ΔG of the following reaction is –2.8 kcal/mol: acetyl phosphate + ADP ↔ acetate + ATP Is ADP greater than, lesser than, or equal to acetate in its affinity for phosphate? If there were no fermentation when molecular oxygen is unavailable (anaerobic respiration), how would this affect glycolysis? Briefly explain your answer.