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- 1. In one sentence each, how are the following bonds formed and broken in biomolecules? a) ester bonds b) amide bonds c) glycosidic bonds12. The sugars glucose, fructose, and inositol all have the same formula i.e. C6H12O6 yet they have 3 very similar but different structures. This is an example of: a) geometric isomers b) structural isomers c) stereo isomers d) none are correct1) Which of the following statement(s) regarding the ends of polysaccharides are true? All polysaccharides have at least one reducing end. Some polysaccharides may have no reducing end. Some polysaccharides may have no non-reducing ends. All polysaccharides have a N-glycosidic bond at their reducing ends. none of the above 2) The transformation of a monosaccharide into its ______ occurs easily and does not require the assistance of a catalyst. epimer anomer sugar alcohol diastereomer zwitterion
- F 9. In sugars that contain many chiral centers, only the chiral center that is most distant from the carbonyl carbon is designated as D (right) or L (left). Determine which of the structures below are D and L sugars. H-C-OH HIC OH H-C-OH I CH₂OH D-Ribose HO C-H H-C-OH H-C-OH I CH₂OH D-Arabinose H-C-OH HO-C-H H-C-OH H-C-OH T HO-C-H I H-C-OH I CH₂OH D-Xylose D-Aldoses Five carbons H-C-OH H-C-OH HO-C-H H-C-OH HO-C-H HO-C-H H-C-OH CH₂OH CH₂OH CH₂OH CH₂OH D-Ribose D-Arabinose D-Xylose D-Lyxose HO-C-H HO-C-H H- H-C-OH CHO IMPORTANT NOTE: most hexoses in living organism are D isomers. Thus, the D prefix is often omitted. DO NOT confuse this with amino acids. Remember that the most common amino acids in living organism are L isomers. L sugars are mirror images of D sugars. H-C-OH -OH 10. Sugars (monosaccharides) can be trioses, tetroses, pentoses, hexoses, heptoses, etc., depending on the number of carbons they have. Determine the number of carbons in the structures above (#9) and determine…11. List 2 polysaccharides that provide structure and strength. What is interesting about the orientation/shape/bonding/architecture in these molecules?8) Define the following terms: a. Hydrophobic b. Hydrophillic 9) Describe the composition of a phospholipid and its relationship with water. Be specific about how the different parts of a phospholipid interact with water.
- 7. Consider the structures shown. For each structure select all that apply. a) pentose, hexose or heptose b) D or L c) ketose or aldose d) a or ẞ e) pyranose or furanose COOM CHACH Structure A Structure C1. Make a series (at least 3) of drawings to show the three dehydration synthesis reactions that take place between the two Fatty Acids, the Phosphate Head and the Glycerol. Show the water molecules made. a) Label the following on the completed phospholipid: hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts of the molecule, fatty acids, phosphate group, and glycerol. b) Compare the structure of the phospholipid to that of a triglyceride. How are the two molecules Similar? How are they different? 2. Use the following vocabulary to label and draw a cell membrane: cytoplasm (cell lumen) extra-cellular fluid hydrophobic hydrophilic polar head non-polar tails a) How many O-H groups are there? And are the O-H areas of sucrose polar or non-polar? b) What is the term that is used to discuss how tightly or loosely an atom's nucleus has a hold of its valence electrons?3. Molecule #3 a)What Group? (Carb, Lipid, Protein, or Nucleic Acid). b)Within the group, how would you classify it? a) OHH H HH H H H HH H H H HH H H но-с-с-с-с-с-с- с-с-с-с-с-с-с-с-ҫ-с-н b) ннннн нннн ннннн ннн c)How do you know you correctly classified this macromolecule in its proper group?
- 5. Draw a diagram to show how the HH O H H O monomers to the right could be joined to form a polymer and identify the name of the linkage. H-N-C-C- OH + H-N-C-C-o-H CH325. Monosaccharides are classified as 2 or more hydroxyl groups attached to which types of organic compounds?30. The shown structure is a cyclic D-monosaccharide. Which of the following statements is true? HOCH₂ H OH H OH OH CH₂OH A. The chemical can react with methanol to form a hemiacetal in solution without forming an open chain structure B. The chemical needs to form an open chain structure to be able to react with methanol to produce a glycosidic linkage in solution C. Both A and B D. Neither A nor B