In the figure, if a plant and human mitochondrial genome contain the same gene (homolog), did they likely inherit the gene from a common ancestor?
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In the figure, if a plant and human mitochondrial genome contain the same gene (homolog), did they likely inherit the gene from a common ancestor?
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- Each species of bacteria has its own distinctive cell surface. Thecharacteristics of the cell surface play an important role in processessuch as conjugation and transduction. For example, certainstrains of E. coli have pili on their cell surface. These pili enableE. coli to conjugate with other E. coli and also enable certain bacteriophages (such as M13) to bind to the surface of the E. coli andgain entry into the cytoplasm. With these ideas in mind, explainwhich forms of genetic transfer (i.e., conjugation, transduction,and transformation) are more likely to occur between different speciesof bacteria. Discuss some of the potential consequences ofinterspecies genetic transfer.Vhich of the following does NOT describe a mechanism of antibiotic resistance among bacteria O enzymes to hydrolyze or chemically alter the antibiotics O efflux pumps Omutations in target moleclues so that antibiotics can no longer bind O increased synthesis of porins to increase antibiotic diffusion across membranes O cell wall diffusion barrier, e.g. Gram-negative outer membrane, ACid Fast cell wall of Mycobacterium Question 9 Bonus: You are treating a patient with inhalation anthrax with antibiotics. After 2 weeks of antibiotics, the patient seems greatly improved and you discharge the patient.Bacteriophage-Inspired Antibiotics Although bacteriophages have been infecting bacteria for billions of years, no mechanism, has evolved in bacteria to prevent the viruses from lysing the cell walls of their hosts. Now, scientists are targeting the same bacterial wall components that bacteriophages do. The goal is to develop antibiotics that bacteria will be less likely to develop resistance to. FIGURE 20.22 shows the results of a study to test Epimerox, a new bacteriophage-inspired antibiotic, against Bacillus anthracis, the bacterial species that causes the disease anthrax. FIGURE 20.22 Effect of Epimerox on the survival of mice with anthrax. Mice were infected with the bacteria B. anthracis. One group of 15 then began receiving a drug-free buffer solution 3 hours later. Another 15 were treated with Epimerox beginning 3 hours after infection. A third group of 15was treated with Epimerox beginning 24 hours after infection. In studies with Bacillus anthracis cells grown in culture, no Epimerox-resistant cells were observed. Explain why this result is consistent with the scientists' goal for developing this drug.
- Bacteriophage-Inspired Antibiotics Although bacteriophages have been infecting bacteria for billions of years, no mechanism, has evolved in bacteria to prevent the viruses from lysing the cell walls of their hosts. Now, scientists are targeting the same bacterial wall components that bacteriophages do. The goal is to develop antibiotics that bacteria will be less likely to develop resistance to. FIGURE 20.22 shows the results of a study to test Epimerox, a new bacteriophage-inspired antibiotic, against Bacillus anthracis, the bacterial species that causes the disease anthrax. FIGURE 20.22 Effect of Epimerox on the survival of mice with anthrax. Mice were infected with the bacteria B. anthracis. One group of 15 then began receiving a drug-free buffer solution 3 hours later. Another 15 were treated with Epimerox beginning 3 hours after infection. A third group of 15was treated with Epimerox beginning 24 hours after infection. What do these data indicate regarding the optimal time to begin Epimerox treatment?A man suffers from an E. coli (gram negative) infection. After taking antibiotics, blood tests indicate that the E. coli infection are dead. However, the man soon develops a high fever and inflammation. This is most likely due to O the peptidoglycan of the cell wall O the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of the outer membrane O the flagellin from the flagella the E. coli spores that evaded detection and later germinated antibiotic resistanceAntibiotics such as tetracycline, streptomycin, and bacitracin aresmall organic molecules that are synthesized by particular speciesof bacteria. Microbiologists have hypothesized that the reason whycertain bacteria make antibiotics is to kill other species that occupythe same environment. Bacteria that produce an antibiotic may beable to kill competing species. This provides more resources forthe antibiotic-producing bacteria. In addition, bacteria that havethe genes necessary for antibiotic biosynthesis contain genes thatconfer resistance to the same antibiotic. For example, tetracyclineis made by the soil bacterium Streptomyces aureofaciens. Besidesthe genes that are needed to make tetracycline, S. aureofaciensalso has genes that confer tetracycline resistance; otherwise, itwould kill itself when it makes tetracycline. In recent years, however,many other species of bacteria that do not synthesize tetracyclinehave acquired the genes that confer tetracycline resistance.For example,…
- Antibiotics such as tetracycline, streptomycin, and bacitracin aresmall organic molecules that are synthesized by particular speciesof bacteria. Microbiologists have hypothesized that the reason whycertain bacteria make antibiotics is to kill other species that occupythe same environment. Bacteria that produce an antibiotic may beable to kill competing species. This provides more resources forthe antibiotic-producing bacteria. In addition, bacteria that havethe genes necessary for antibiotic biosynthesis contain genes thatconfer resistance to the same antibiotic. For example, tetracyclineis made by the soil bacterium Streptomyces aureofaciens. Besidesthe genes that are needed to make tetracycline, S. aureofaciensalso has genes that confer tetracycline resistance; otherwise, itwould kill itself when it makes tetracycline. In recent years, however,many other species of bacteria that do not synthesize tetracyclinehave acquired the genes that confer tetracycline resistance.For example,…Bacteriophage-Inspired Antibiotics Although bacteriophages have been infecting bacteria for billions of years, no mechanism, has evolved in bacteria to prevent the viruses from lysing the cell walls of their hosts. Now, scientists are targeting the same bacterial wall components that bacteriophages do. The goal is to develop antibiotics that bacteria will be less likely to develop resistance to. FIGURE 20.22 shows the results of a study to test Epimerox, a new bacteriophage-inspired antibiotic, against Bacillus anthracis, the bacterial species that causes the disease anthrax. FIGURE 20.22 Effect of Epimerox on the survival of mice with anthrax. Mice were infected with the bacteria B. anthracis. One group of 15 then began receiving a drug-free buffer solution 3 hours later. Another 15 were treated with Epimerox beginning 3 hours after infection. A third group of 15was treated with Epimerox beginning 24 hours after infection. How long did it take for all the mice that received the drug-free buffer alone to die? What function did this group play in the experiment?ASE entopy 10.)A Protin mole cule, in its folded Nalie s tade corfomation randem Coil, dvith many fossible conomatias , hus One favoured whenit is denatue d d buomn rabion. a) what must h the Alan f As for e Sdlenatired 2 ta) the Change Native Condriadion of AŚ to the tre eveigy thang b t Or -?. bet or-? what juquirumnt dloa Starle Ah H this impose Dn frotrina are to be stnuctures? it bided native
- If you extract the DNA of the coliphage φ X174, you willfind that its composition is 25 percent A, 33 percent T,24 percent G, and 18 percent C. Does this compositionmake sense in regard to Chargaff’s rules? How wouldyou interpret this result? How might such a phage replicate its DNAA 4-month-old infant had been running a moderate fever for36 hours, and a nervous mother made a call to her pediatrician.Examination and tests revealed no outward signsof infection or cause of the fever. The anxious mother wanteda prescription for antibiotics, but the pediatrician recommendedwatching the infant for two days before making a decision. Heexplained that decades of rampant use of antibiotics in medicineand agriculture has caused a global surge in antibiotic-resistantbacteria, drastically reducing the effectiveness of antibiotic therapyfor infections. He pointed out that bacteria can exchange antibioticresistance traits and that many pathogenic strains are nowresistant to several antibiotics. The mother was not placatedbythese explanations and insisted that her baby receive antibioticsimmediately. This situation raises several issues. If the infant was given antibiotics, how might this have contributed to the production of resistant bacteria?A 4-month-old infant had been running a moderate fever for36 hours, and a nervous mother made a call to her pediatrician.Examination and tests revealed no outward signsof infection or cause of the fever. The anxious mother wanteda prescription for antibiotics, but the pediatrician recommendedwatching the infant for two days before making a decision. Heexplained that decades of rampant use of antibiotics in medicineand agriculture has caused a global surge in antibiotic-resistantbacteria, drastically reducing the effectiveness of antibiotic therapyfor infections. He pointed out that bacteria can exchange antibioticresistance traits and that many pathogenic strains are nowresistant to several antibiotics. The mother was not placatedbythese explanations and insisted that her baby receive antibioticsimmediately. This situation raises several issues. How should the pediatrician balance his ethical responsibility to provide effective treatment to the present patient with his ethical…