(Kittel 6.4) Energy of gas of extreme relativistic particles. Extreme relativistic particles have momenta p such that pc >> Mc², where M is the rest mass of the particle. The de Broglie relation λ = h/p for the quantum wavelength continues to apply. Show that the mean energy per particle of an extreme relativistic ideal gas is 3 37 if & pc in contrast to 7 for the nonrelativistic problem. (An interesting variety 2 of relativistic problems are discussed by E. Fermi in Notes on Thermodynamics and Statistics, University of Chicago Press, 1966, paperback.)
Stellar evolution
We may see thousands of stars in the dark sky. Our universe consists of billions of stars. Stars may appear tiny to us but they are huge balls of gasses. Sun is a star of average size. Some stars are even a thousand times larger than the sun. The stars do not exist forever they have a certain lifetime. The life span of the sun is about 10 billion years. The star undergoes various changes during its lifetime, this process is called stellar evolution. The structure of the sun-like star is shown below.
Red Shift
It is an astronomical phenomenon. In this phenomenon, increase in wavelength with corresponding decrease in photon energy and frequency of radiation of light. It is the displacement of spectrum of any kind of astronomical object to the longer wavelengths (red) side.
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