Listed below are the various components of the olfactory transduction process: 1. Golf G-protein 2. Voltage-gated sodium channel 3. Calcium-activated chloride channel 4. CAMP-gated ion channel 5. Adenylyl cyclase Which of the following is the correct order in which these components are activated? O 2; 1; 5; 4; 3 5; 1; 4; 3; 2 1; 5; 4; 2; 3 3; 2; 1; 5; 4

Listed below are the various components of the olfactory transduction process: 1. Golf G-protein 2. Voltage-gated sodium channel 3. Calcium-activated chloride channel 4. CAMP-gated ion channel 5. Adenylyl cyclase Which of the following is the correct order in which these components are activated? O 2; 1; 5; 4; 3 5; 1; 4; 3; 2 1; 5; 4; 2; 3 3; 2; 1; 5; 4

Human Physiology: From Cells to Systems (MindTap Course List)

9th Edition

ISBN:9781285866932

Author:Lauralee Sherwood

Publisher:Lauralee Sherwood

Chapter6: The Peripheral Nervous System: Afferent Division; Special Senses

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 13RE

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Which of the following taste recognition is mediated by GPCRs? Bitter Umami Sweet Sour Salty
Many odorant molecules are highly hydrophobic and concentrate within the olfactory epithelium. They would give a persistent signal independent of their concentration in the environment if they were not rapidly modified. Propose a mechanism for converting hydrophobic odorants into watersoluble derivatives that can be rapidly eliminated.
The olfactory system has many receptor types but the transduction process is very similar in each receptor type. What do these transduction processes all have in common? They all use G protein-coupled receptors. They are all linked to a particular gustatory (taste) receptor type. O They all use ionotropic receptors. O They all involve temporarily hyperpolarizing the receptors, rather than depolarizing them.
Five different types of taste receptors have been identified in humans. These are salty, sour, sweet, bitter and umami. Taste receptors consist of specific types of proteins incorporated into the plasma membrane of taste receptor cells, which are clustered together in structures called taste buds. All five receptor types are present in each taste bud, which are distributed over most of the tongue surface area. Olfactory receptors are located in the nasal cavity and consist of several thousand different types, each type specific for a different odorant molecule (ligand). If you plug your nose, red wine and coffee taste exactly the same. Explain why this is so.
Five different types of taste receptors have been identified in humans. These are salty, sour, sweet, bitter and umami. Taste receptors consist of specific types of proteins incorporated into the plasma membrane of taste receptor cells, which are clustered together in structures called taste buds. All five receptor types are present in each taste bud, which are distributed over most of the tongue surface area. Olfactory receptors are located in the nasal cavity and consist of several thousand different types, each type specific for a different odorant molecule (ligand). You may need to research this on the internet. Be sure to site your sources. If you plug your nose, red wine and coffee taste exactly the same.
A) The following structure in the figure is a receptor for sensory information: A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O B)The following structure in the figure is an interneurone: A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O C)The following structure in the figure will carry information to skeletal muscle: A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O
Based on the same attached figure as above (Figure 10.9 in your textbook), what kind of channel permits K+ to pass through the apical-end membrane in hair cells of the ear? (A) Spiral ganglion Tectorial membrane Scala vestibuli Inner hair cells -45 mV Scala tympani Outer hair cells Scala media Organ of Corti Perilymph Low K+ 0mV Endolymph High K+ +80 mV (B) Stria vascularis Basilar membrane Ca²+ Afferent. nerve Depolarization O Nucleus wwww. 00 -Depolarization. Vesicles -Transmitter To brain C₂24
In olfactory neurons, it is estimated that activation of the olfactory receptors results in an increase of roughly 200,000 molecules of cAMP per second. 1a) If an activated receptor produces one molecule of cAMP every 30 seconds, how many molecules of this receptor must be working in an activated neuron? How many G-alpha subunits are required in an activated neuron? 1b) If one receptor molecule is capable of activating 500 G-proteins, how many receptors will be activated?
There are five basic tastes—sour, salty, sweet, bitter, and“umami.” Salt is detected when the concentration of salt outside of a taste bud cell is higher than that inside of it, and ionchannels allow the passive leakage of Na+into the cell. Theresulting change in membrane potential (see Concept 7.4)sends the “salty” signal to the brain. Umami is a savory tastegenerated by glutamate (glutamic acid, found in monosodiumglutamate, or MSG), which is used as a flavor enhancer in foodssuch as taco-flavored tortilla chips. The glutamate receptor is aGPCR, which, when bound, initiates a signaling pathway thatends with a cellular response, perceived by you as “taste.” If youeat a regular potato chip and then rinse your mouth, you willno longer taste salt. But if you eat a flavored tortilla chip andthen rinse, the taste persists. (Try it!) Propose a possible explanation for this difference.
When light hits a retinal molecule bound to the rhodopsin, the retinal molecule changes its conformation, going from a cis- configuration to an all-trans configuration (see figure below). This forces the rhodopsin receptor to also undergo a change in its conformation and become activated. 11-cis isomer ** Light Retinal is therefore a key player that triggers a series of activation in phototransduction (see figure below). Phototransduction in photoreceptor cells 1000000000000000 Disc membrane 100000000000000 Disc lumen Light Rhodopsin GDP All-trans isomer J Transducin Photoreceptor cytosol GTP GTP GTP PDE CGMP CGMP CGMP inhibition PDE6i GMP GMP GMP Extracellular environment Plasma membrane 1. Light hits the retinal molecule and changes into an all-trans configuration 2. This change in the retinal conformation activates the rhodopsin photoreceptor 3. The rhodopsin photoreceptor then activates a specific heterotrimeric G protein called transducin. 4. The transducin then activates a…
In most neurons, membrane depolarization leads to the opening of voltage-dependent ion channels, generation of an action potential, and, ultimately, an influx of Ca2+, which causes release of neurotransmitter at the axon terminus. Devise a cellular strategy by which hyperpolarization in rod cells could produce excitation of the visual pathway and passage of visual signals to the brain. (Hint: The neuronal signaling pathway in higher organisms consists of a series of neurons that relay information to the brain. The signal released by one neuron can be either excitatory or inhibitory to the following, postsynaptic neuron.)