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- Normal microbiota provide protection from infection in each of the following ways EXCEPT: Question 3 options: A) they produce antibacterial chemicals. B) they compete with pathogens for nutrients. C) they make the chemical environment unsuitable for nonresident bacteria. D) they produce lysozyme.Which of the following is NOT true of bacterial exotoxins? 1. Important in the pathogenesis of many human diseases 2. Their toxic effect can be systemic, affecting cells distant from the primary site of infection 3. None of the other four answers (All are true of bacterial exotoxins) 4. Different exotoxins may affect different types of cells (e.g., nerves, gastrointestinal mucosa) 5. Some exotoxins have two components, A (active) and B (binding)Discuss why it is important for us to conduct research at the basic level of physiology in order to better understand what makes Mycobacteria latent or grow during an infection so that we can design new and/or better treatment modalities.
- Select all of the following that applies to the tradeoff between transmission and virulence that applies to many diseases. a) The tradeoff between transmission and virulence means that diseases always evolve to become more virulent. b) If greater virulence limits transmission, that disease will likely evolve to become less virulent than it could be. c) While making more copies of itself can increase the likelihood of transmission occurring, too much replication of the disease can make the host so sick it won't leave the house and spread the disease. d) A strain of a disease that replicates enough to be transmitted, but not so much that the host gets too sick to move, will be favored by natural selection over strains that either make the host too sick or do not replicate enough to be transmitted. e) If a disease can spread without making its host sick (e.g. when the host is asymptomatic), then the tradeoff between transmission and virulence…Propionibacterium acnes is a normal member of the skin microbiome that benefits the body by lowering the skin's pH- an antimicrobial effect. However, P. acnes is also the leading cause of acne. Explain mechanistically how can a bacterium be part of the normal microbiome and beneficial but also be pathogenic?Below are a list of virulence factors/ strategies paired with an example of an organism that utilizes them. How do each of the following strategies contribute to the virulence of the pathogen? Strategy - Causes the host to produce more receptors (Organism - Rhinovirus) Strategy - Produces gas as a product of fermentation (Organism - Clostridium perfringens) Strategy - Produces a capsule (organism - Klebsiella pneumonia) Strategy - Ability to move between adjacent cells (organism - Cytomegalovirus) Strategy - Ability to use pilus as a motility structure (organism - Pseudomonas aerogenosa)
- Which of the following amnong A-D is false concerning your microbiome? IS A) Ot represents a type of endosymbiosis B)O there are more of them on (and in) you than your own cells C) O they are generally (usually) harmless D) O you wvould be much healthier and happier if you did not have them at all 110Microbiota In healthy humans, the internal organs and tissues such as muscles, the brain, and blood do not contain microorganisms. However, surface tissues, such as the skin and mucous membranes, are in continuous contact with environmental microbes and become readily colonized by specific bacteria. The population of microbes regularly found in the body is referred to as the normal microbiota. The term transient microbiota refers to members of the normal microbiota that are present for only a short time before disappearing. A person's normal microbiota is an important part of the immune system, as the normal microbiota often inhibit pathogenic microbes from colonizing the host, a process called microbial antagonism. Different types of bacteria will colonize different niches in a person's body due to variations in moisture level, pH. atmospheric pressure, oxygen levels, and body secretions. Accordingly, different types of medila must be used to culture the various human microbiota. If…Are normal microbiota beneficial to their host? Why?
- Define meningitis.Compare and contrast between bacterial and viral meningitis including treatment for each. What is a prion? Describe the impact prionshave on the human brain and discuss two prion-associated diseases in humans: What is a vector-borne (vector transmitted) disease? Give an example of a vector borne disease and the vector responsible for causing it:Imagine a newly developed drug that is highly lethal against all stages in the life cycle of Toxoplasma gondii. The drug has been found to be safe and effective both for human and for veterinary use. Although the drug can eliminate infection in both humans and cats, its use in humans will have vey little impact on overall prevalence of human toxoplasmosis. Its use in cats, alternatively, could, at least in theory, reduce prevalence in both humans and cats. Explain this difference.For each of the following: Cyanobacteria, Coronavirus, Chytrids, Ciliates, and Chronic wasting disease. Explain with details how does the pathogen invades our tissues and body after transmission. You need to include any receptors, steps etc. in its life cycle and/or the type of replication or reproduction it exhibits and how and where it exits the cells, tissues, or body. This section can also include how it spreads through the body if that is relevant.