On December 27, 2004, astronomers observed the brightest flash of light ever recorded from outside of our solar system. It came from a highly magnetic neutron star SGR 1806-20 (also know as a magnetar). During the 0.20 s burst, this star released as much energy as our sun would over

On December 27, 2004, astronomers observed the brightest flash of light ever recorded from outside of our solar system. It came from a highly magnetic neutron star SGR 1806-20 (also know as a magnetar). During the 0.20 s burst, this star released as much energy as our sun would over

College Physics

11th Edition

ISBN:9781305952300

Author:Raymond A. Serway, Chris Vuille

Publisher:Raymond A. Serway, Chris Vuille

Chapter26: Relativity

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 33P: A chain of nuclear reactions in the Suns core converts four protons into a helium nucleus. (a) What...

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Describe the following physical occurrences as events, that is, in the form (x, y, z, t): (a) A postman rings a doorbell of a house precisely at noon. (b) At the same lime as the doorbell is lung, a slice of bread pops out of a toaster that is located 10 1T1 from the door in the east direction from the door. (c) Tell seconds later, an airplane arrives at the airport, which is 10 km from the door in the east direction and 2 km to the south.
A muon formed high in Earth's atmosphere travels toward Earth at a speed v = 0.990c for a distance of 4.60 km as measured by an observer at rest with respect to Earth. It then decays into an electron, a neutrino, and an antineutrino. (a) How long does the muon survive according to an observer at rest on Earth? (b) Compute the gamma factor associated with the muon. (c) How much time passes according to an observer traveling with the muon? (d) What distance does the muon travel according to an observer traveling with the muon? (e) A third observer traveling toward the muon at c/2 measures the lifetime of the particle. According to this observer, is the muons lifetime shorter or longer than the lifetime measured by the observer at rest with respect to Earth? Explain.
A muon formed high in Earth's atmosphere travels toward Earth at a speed v = 0.990c for a distance of 4.60 km as measured by an observer at rest with respect to Earth. It then decays into an electron, a neutrino, and an antineutrino. (a) How long does the muon survive according to an observer at rest on Earth? (b) Compute the gamma factor associated with the muon. (c) How much time passes according to an observer traveling with the muon? (d) What distance does the muon travel according to an observer traveling with the muon? (e) A third observer traveling toward the muon at c/2 measures the lifetime of the particle. According to this observer, is the muons lifetime shorter or longer than the lifetime measured by the observer at rest with respect to Earth? Explain.
An interstellar space probe is launched from Earth. After a brief period of acceleration, it moves with a constant velocity, 70.0% of the speed of light. Its nuclear-powered batteries supply the energy to keep its data transmitter active continuously. The batteries have a lifetime of 15.0 years as measured in a rest frame. (a) How long do the batteries on the space probe last as measured by mission control on Earth? (b) How far is the probe from Earth when its batteries fail as measured by mission control? (c) How far is the probe from Earth as measured by its built-in trip odometer when its batteries fail? (d) For what total time after launch are data received from the probe by mission control? Note dial radio waves travel at the speed of light and fill the space between the probe and Earth at the time the battery fails.
(a) Calculate the energy released by the destruction of 1.00 kg of mass. (b) How many kilograms could be lifted to a 10.0 km height by this amount of energy?
A chain of nuclear reactions in the Suns core converts four protons into a helium nucleus. (a) What is the mass difference between four protons and a helium nucleus? (b) How much energy in MeV is released during the conversion of four protons into a helium nucleus?
Our Sun shines bright with a luminosity of 3.828 x 10^26 Watt. Her energy is responsible for many processes and the habitable temperatures on the Earth that make our life possible. (a) Calculate the amount of energy arriving on the Earth in a single day. (b) To how many litres of heating oil (energy density: 37.3 x 10^6 J/litre) is this equivalent? (c) The Earth reflects 30% of this energy: Determine the temperature on Earth’s surface. (d) What other factors should be considered to get an even more precise temperature estimate? Note: The Earth’s radius is 6370 km; the Sun’s radius is 696 x 10^3 km; 1 AU is 1.495 x 10^8 km.
In this problem, we will try to understand why chemical reactions cannot power the Sun, but nuclear reactions can. The energy scale of chemical reactions is a few eV, where eV is a unit of energy called an electron volt. 1 eV = 1.602 x 10-19 J. A typical chemical reaction involves an energy change of ~0.1 to 10 eV. In contrast, a nuclear reaction typically involves a change in energy of order a few MeV (mega electron volts; a factor of a million larger). Suppose that the Sun has a constant luminosity throughout its life, equal to its current luminosity of L⊙=3.827×1026J/s . Suppose also that the Sun is made entirely of hydrogen (or just protons, since the mass of the electron is about 2000 times smaller and is negligible in comparison). If every pair of two protons in the Sun undergo a one-time chemical reaction that nets ~1 eV of energy, how long would it take (in years) to expend all the available chemical energy?
Our Sun shines bright with a luminosity of 3.828 x 1026 Watt. Her energy is responsible for manyprocesses and the habitable temperatures on the Earth that make our life possible.(a) Calculate the amount of energy arriving on the Earth in a single day.(b) To how many litres of heating oil (energy density: 37.3 x 106J/litre) is this equivalent?(c) The Earth reflects 30% of this energy: Determine the temperature on Earth’s surface.(d) What other factors should be considered to get an even more precise temperature estimate?
If 75.0 L of water at 11.0C enters a hot water heater where it is heated to 57.0C Determine: (a) The mass of the water being heated (ρ = 1000 kg/m3) (b) The amount of energy needed to heat the water. c = 4186 J/(kg c) The cost to heat the water if the heat was provided by electricity at a cost of $0.087 per kWh, off peak cost of electricity in Ontario.
Electromagnetic radiation is emitted by accelerating charges. The rate at which energy is emitted from an accelerating charge that dE has charge g and acceleration is given by te where y'u' c is the speed of light. di: dt Part A If a proton with a kinetic energy of 5.6 MeV is traveling in a particle accelerator in a circular orbit with a radius of 0.580 m, what fraction of its energy does it radiate per second? (dE/dt) 1 E Part B IV | ΑΣΦ (dE/dl)-1s + [VΕΙ ΑΣΦΑ Consider an electron orbiting with the same speed and radius. What fraction of its energy does it radiate per second? po A ? ?
Suppose a cyclotron is operated at an oscillator frequency of 12 MHz ( MegaHertz) and has a radius of R=53 cm. A deuteron, an isotope of hydrogen, consisting of a proton and a neutron and therefore having the same charge as a proton is to be accelerated in the cyclotron. Its mass, m=3.24 x10-27 kg. What is the resulting kinetic energy of the deuteron? Explain in not less than 3 sentences.