Q: Which complement control protein would you consider to be the most detrimental to lose?
A: Complement control proteins (CCP) are proteins which are associated with components of the…
Q: What is the purpose of an agglutination reaction test?
A: Antigen are the foreign substances to the body in the form of proteins, carbohydrates which may…
Q: What is the mechanism underlying the allergic response to an antibiotic?
A: Antibiotics are a type of antimicrobial substances that fight bacterial infections in people and…
Q: Why is IgM particularly effective at cross-linking antigens?
A: Antigens can be defined as the substances that is responsible for triggering the immune response…
Q: How to avoid bacterial resistant?
A: Antibiotic resistance is on the rise. Many bacteria that are commensals have also become resistant…
Q: why is MALT considered strategically placed?
A: MALT stands for Mucosa Associated Lymphoid Tissue. The solitary lymph nodules and aggregated…
Q: What is Delayed hypersensitivity?
A: Hypersensitivity refers to undesirable reactions created by the conventional immune system, as well…
Q: how does the body differentiate between self and non-self antigens?
A: Immune systems protects a person from foreign antigens or dangerous invaders such as microbes,…
Q: How does Streptococcus pneumoniae exploit serotypespecific immunity to evade detection?
A: Answer: Introduction: Streptococcus pneumoniae means is a Gram-positive, extracellular,…
Q: Which complement chemotactic component has properties? а. Cla с. C4a d. C5a b. C2a е. Сба
A:
Q: Serum sickness belongs to what type of hypersensitivity? What causes serum sickness?
A: Hypersensitivity occurs when body produces an unnecessary and undesirable immune response following…
Q: What is severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) ? Explain the symptoms & causes of severe…
A: BASIC INFORMATION DISEASE It is basically the illness of the body. This affects our bodily functions…
Q: What are the major differences between an IgE-mediated skin reaction, such as hives, and a…
A: Hypersensitivity can be defined by the intolerance shown my the immune system. It may be manifested…
Q: What is meant by complement fixation? What are cytolysins?
A: Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins are Y-shaped globular proteins secreted by the plasma…
Q: What is the point to labeling a secondary antibody with a marker that can be visualized instead of…
A: Introduction: The antibodies are used to detect certain antigens in a technique called ELISA. In…
Q: What are natural activeimmunization and artificialactive immunization?
A: Immunity refers to every mechanism of the body that helps to protect the body from harmful foreign…
Q: How is a direct agglutination test different from a passive agglutination test?
A: Agglutination is defined as a reaction in which certain particles (like RBCs or bacteria) that are…
Q: What triggers the alternative pathway for complement activation?
A: Complementation is a phenomenon that is observed in our immune system which increases the ability…
Q: Explain the steps in the alternative complement pathway at a single site.
A: Complement is a component of the innate immune system that plays a role in leukocyte opsonization,…
Q: How is complement activation triggered in the classical complement pathway, and how does complement…
A: The complement system is also known as the complement cascade. It is a part of the immune system. As…
Q: What are the steps of latex agglutination test for Streptococcus infection?
A: INTRODUCTION Latex agglutination test It is the test that is used to detect antibodies from body…
Q: Complement activation can occur via the classical and alternative pathway. (i) How do the two…
A: Introduction :- The complement system, also known as the complement cascade, is an immune system…
Q: Why do certain drugs become immunogenic to the host?
A: Introduction :- Immunogenicity, which is defined as a cell or tissue's capacity to elicit an immune…
Q: Would pneumococcal pneumonia require a TH cell to stimulate a B cell to form antibodies?
A: Introduction Lymphocytes are important cells of an immune system to generate an immune response.…
Q: What is the term that describes how pathogens alter their surface antigens to prevent antibody…
A: one of the ways infectious agents or pathogens invade the immune system of human body is by altering…
Q: What is a secondary antibody in an ELISA test?
A: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is an assay technique used for detecting and quantifying…
Q: Name the technique which is used to detect HIV in Suspected AIDS patient?
A: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), is a retrovirus that causes the Acquired Immune Deficiency…
Q: Why is complement low in lupus
A: Lupus also known as Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is a long-term, incurable autoimmune disease…
Q: What is the difference between humoral and cellular adaptive immunity
A: Immunity can be defined as an ability of our body to protect from any foreign materials. It can be…
Q: Can caffeic acid be used to treat cytomegalovirus CMV? Explain.
A: Caffeic acid is a chemical found in many plants and foods. Coffee is the primary source of caffeic…
Q: What are the types of Vaccines?
A: A vaccination is a biological preparation that gives people active acquired immunity against a…
Q: Why is a hemolytic transfusion reaction considered a type ofhypersensitivity?
A: In case of blood transfusion, alloantigens (molecules that vary in similar species) found on donor…
Q: What is the characteristic lesion of erythema multiforme?
A: Erythema multiform (EM) is a skin condition that is characterized by the presence of red, raised…
Q: Is it as effective to take two antibiotics sequentially as it is to take them simultaneously, as…
A: Antibiotics are antimicrobial substances that are effective against microorganisms. Antibiotic drugs…
Q: Explain the three mechanisms of graft rejections: (i) Hyperacute rejection (ii) Acute rejection…
A: Graft rejection occurs when the beneficiary's immune system attacks the donated graft and starts to…
Q: How can the anamnestic response be explained in immunologic terms?
A: The immune system of the human body is divided into innate immunity and the adaptive immunity.…
Q: How are antivenomsproduced? Why areantivenoms an example ofpassive immunization?
A: Antivenoms are substances which are used to counteract venomous substances from other organisms to…
Q: Why is the development of recurrent or unusual infections the clinical hallmark of immunodeficiency?
A: Introduction :- The immune system's components, such as lymphocytes, phagocytes, and the complement…
Q: Why do we interpret positive hemolysis in the complement fixationtest to mean negative for the test…
A: Complement fixation test is an immunological blood test in which presence of specific antigen or…
Q: What is an immunization?
A: Immunity is a term used to describe a complex organism's ability to combat harmful pathogens.…
Q: How is ELISA used to detect Ebola (what antigens or antibodies)? How is this procedure done?
A: ELISA means enzyme-linked immunoassay. ELISA works on the antigen antibodies binding principle in…
- Describe the following antigen antibody reactions in serology:
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Mechanism |
Function in serology |
Example of method |
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a) Precipitation |
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b) Agglutination |
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c) Neutralizing |
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d) Complement fixation |
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- All of the following are true concerning the Alere HIV test except: a)this test can detect infection 10 days post exposure b)the presence of three lines on the test indicates a positive reaction for anitgen and antibody against HIV c)unlike Oraquick the test is run with blood sample only and not oral fluid d)the presence of a single line indicates that a person has antibodies but no antigen for HIV e)this is a test that is considered both a direct and indirect test for HIV diagnosisWhich is not a direct consequence of an antibody antigen interaction? A) O clump or agglutinate antigens B) O neutralization of toxin C) O prevent adherence of pathogens D) O stimulation of B cells E) O all the above are consequences of an antibody antigen interactionSelect the TRUE statement: Convalescent plasma therapy is OA) an active artificially acquired immunity MATE moltenes OB) an active naturally acquired immunity OC) a passive artificially acquired immunity OD) a passive naturally acquired immunity O E) Secondary immune response
- A 3-year-old child has a history of serious infections and is currently hospitalized with meningitis. The doctor suspects that he may have a complement deficiency and orders testing. A buffer that chelates calcium was added to specimen. There was a decrease radial haemolysis on agarose plate a) Which complement pathway accounted for the result obtained and how will the result be reported in terms of hemolysis at 50 %? b) What is hydrodynamic focusing and why is it an important feature of an instrument.1.The passing of antibodies into newborn babies by their mothers is known as: A) active immunity B) passive immunity C) primary immune response D) antigens The immune system responds to the antigens found on invading microorganisms by: A) producing antibodies B) antibodies preventing the microbe from causing infection C) marking the microbe so that it can be attacked by white blood cells D) all the aboveOne very effective treatment for SARS-Cov-2 is the injection of serum containing antibodies from recovered patients into the blood stream of infected, symptomatic, non-recovered individuals. This type of treatment is an example of: A) innate immunity B) naturally acquired active immunity C) naturally acquired passive immunity D) artificially acquired active immunity E) artificially acquired passive immunity
- Explain the complement system under the following headlines: 1. Types 2. Activation 3. Complement fixation test41) For the successful development of a vaccine to be used against a pathogen, it is necessary that A) the surface antigens of the pathogen do not change. B) a rearrangement of the B cell receptor antibodies takes place. C) all of the surface antigens on the pathogen be identified. D) the pathogen has only one epitope. E) the MHC molecules are heterozygous. 42) In the human disease known as lupus, there is an immune reaction against a patient's own DNA from broken or dying cells, which categorizes lupus as A) an allergy. B) an immunodeficiency. C) an autoimmune disease. D) an antigenic variation. E) a cancer.Based on what you know about the cells of the immune system, do you suspect this patient to have an infection, and if so, what is a probable cause? Choose the best answer and explain. a) Yes, a possible viral infection is indicated. b) Yes, a possible fungal infection is indicated. c) Yes, a possible bacterial infection is indicated. d) No, an infection is not indicated.
- 1) SDS PAGE gels can be probed with NBT/BCIP to perform an immunoblot true/ false 2) the direction of migration of protiens through a matrix is due to most proteins in natur having a net negative charge true/false 3) PBST is a buffer that is used for blocking the membrane during immunoblotting. true/false 4) the buffer used during for transferring proteins to nitrocellulose methanol. true/false 7) The size of the pores of a polyacrylamide gel dcreases as concentrations of polyacrylamide increases. True or false 10) The secondary antibody used in laboratory for western blotting is conjugated to which enzyme A) Alkaline decarboxylase B) GAPDH C) Alkaline Phosphatase D) Horseeradish peroxide 13) In protien electrophroresis, what reagent present in the sample buffer is used to eliminate difference in the charge densities of protein A) SDS B) 2- mercaptoethanol C) Tris-HCL pH6.8 D) Tris- HCL PH 8.843) multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease . a) true b) false. A) What is the significance of producing monoclonal antibodies? B) What is the role of cell culture in production of monoclonal antibodies? C) Name and briefly explain the use of any 4 commercially available monoclonal antibodies.