291 QUESTION 1Because they are primarily catabolic and need to hoard (keep) glucose for their own use, muscle cells have little to nogluconeogenesis activity. The prevention of gluconeogenesis is achieved primarily by the fact that muscle cells:O Do not express pyruvate kinase.Express a very active form of pyruvate decarboxylase.O Do not express glucose-6-phosphatase.Express hexokinase rather than glucokinase.

The series of chemical reactions that occur within the living body are collectively referred to as…

Answered: QUESTION 1 Because they are primarily…

Biochemistry

9th Edition

ISBN:9781319114671

Author:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Publisher:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Chapter1: Biochemistry: An Evolving Science

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1P

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How does the phosphorylation of glucose within cells contribute to homeostasis?" Describe the location, enzyme kinetics and regulation of both hexokinase and glucokinase in this problem. Include the whole point of glucose phosphorylation.
At normal to low blood glucose concentrations (1.e., roughly 110 mg/dl or less), the enzyme that is responsible for sequestering or trapping glucose within cells is which of the following enzymes? O hexokinase O glycogen synthase O glucose-6-phosphatase O glucokinase
Glycogen that is broken down in the muscle is not released as glucose into the circulation because the muscle lacks... Group of answer choices glucose-6-phosphatase phosphoryalse glycogen synthase hexokinase
The Vmax of muscle glycogen phosphorylase is much larger than that of the liver enzyme. Discuss the functional signifi cance of this phenomenon.
What is the effect of a defective a(1→ 4) phosphatase in Pompe's disease (GSD II)? O Accumulation of abnormal, unbranched glycogen, leading to heart or liver failure and short fife expectancy O Glycogen accumulation in heart, leading to heart failure, muscle weakness, short life expectancy O Absence of UDP-glucose conversion to glycogen, leading to lack of muscle glycogen, exercise intolerance Glycogen accumulation due to lack of glucose-6-phosphate conversion to glucose, leading to liver enlargement, hypoglycemia, short life expectancy O Lack of complete degradation of glycogen to glucose. leading to mild hypoglycemia, enlarged liver and muscle weakness Submit Request Answer
In 3-4 sentences, briefly explain how lactate is formed, the biological effect of lactate, and explain the biochemical process and path for conversion of lactate. 3. The hormones glucagon, epinephrine, and insulin, can regulate blood glucose levels to protect the brain. For each one provide a short explanation as to whether it raises or lowers glucose how it does this, and indicate whether it is metabolic or catabolic.
Why would LDH be up- or down-regulated depending on location of cancer cells? Anaerobic cancer cells enhance rates of ATP production and rely on pyruvate to lactate conversion. LDH5 expressed can vary in favoring pyruvate for conversion to lactate (anaerobic metabolism). Aerobic compartments in newly formed fibrobasts and vessels use lactate to convert to pyruvate for oxidative phosphorylation and favor lactate conversion to pyruvate by LDH1 (aerobic metabolism). Lactate dehydrogenase is upregulated in both cancer cells and supporting stroma and vessels, thus only LDH5 is upregulated showing enhanced expression levels and thus presence at the plasma membrane to increase levels of lactate for export, LDH1 levels are always consistent. LDH1 is upregulated in response to the export of lactate by MCT1, while LDH5 is down-regulated Neither LDH1 or LDH5 are both consistently expressed, regardless of oxygen levels
High [ATP] slows glycolysis and speeds of gluconeogenesis because (check all that apply): Pyruvate kinase is allosterically inhibited by low [ATP] PFK-1 is allosterically inhibited by low [ATP] FBPase-1 is inhibited by high [AMP] FBPase-1 is inhibited by low [AMP] Pyruvate kinase is allosterically inhibited by high [ATP] PFK-1 is allosterically inhibited by high [ATP]
Glucocorticoids (GC) are stress hormones that modulate glucose homeostasis. One effect is to reduce glucose uptake from the bloodstream into skeletal muscle and adipose tissue, to increase the catabolism of expendable proteins in the skeletal muscle, and to increase gluconeogenesis in the liver. Why are these metabolic adaptations important during stressful situations, like fasting/starvation? Predict how the glucocorticoid cortisol will affect blood urea concentrations.
Alcohol consumption on an empty stomach results in some interesting biochemical as well as embarrassing behavioral alterations. We will ignore the lat t er. Gluconeogenesis falls; there are increases in intracellular ratios of lactate to pyruvate, of glycerol 3- phosphate to dihydroxyacetone phosphate, of glutamate to α - ketoglutarate , and of D-3- hydroxybutyrate to acetoacetate. Hypoglycemia develops rapidly Blood pH also falls. Alcohol consumption by a well - fed individual does not lead to hypoglycemia or alteration in blood pH . (a) Why does ethanol consumption result in the altered ratios? (b) Why does hypoglycemia and blood acidosis result in the hungry individual? (c) Why does the well-fed person not experience hypoglycemia?
Which of the following conditions is most likely to force a muscle cell to metabolize glucose anaerobically(fermentation) under normal oxygenation ? - Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency - Lactate dehydrogenase deficiency -Pyruvate kinase deficiency -Aldolase deficiency - Cytososic Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency
The binding of insulin to its receptor on the surface of atarget cell activates the receptor’s tyrosine kinase activity,which in turn causes several phosphorylation cascades thatalter the activity of numerous enzymes and alters the expression of genes. Describe how one of these phosphorylationcascades stimulates glycogen synthesis.

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