SHOW/IDENTIFY the arrow pushing mechanism in at least 4 steps. -*0,POČH, -20,POCH, phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI) 'CH,OH O. H H H 5KH HỌ ОН H ОН 12 ОН H ОН НО 3 4| 13 но H Glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) Fructose-6-phosphate (F6P)
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- Refer to Figure 3 which shows the relationship between phosphofuctokinase-1 (PFK-1) activity and fructose 2,6-bisphosphate. 100 +F2,6BP 80 60 40 -F2,6BP 20 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.7 1.0 2.0 4.0 EFructose 6-phosphate] (mm) Figure 3 (i) Explain the PFK-1 activity in the absence and presence of fructose 2, 6- bisphosphate. (ii) Explain the effect of increased ATP on PFK-I PFK-1 activity (% of Vma)10. Answer ALL parts of this question. Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2, also known as cyclooxygenase- 2 or COX-2, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PTGS2 gene. (a) Explain how this enzyme facilitates prostaglandin biosynthesis by highlighting two key functions. (b) Describe one role for the COX-1 enzyme. (c) Name one condition that the selective COX-2 inhibitors Vioxx (Rofecoxib) and Celebrex (Celecoxib) were used to treat. (d) Name and draw the chemical structures of 4 other small molecule OCOX-2 inhibitors and identify 3 similarities/common features with respect to Rofecoxib and Celecoxib. (e) Name a therapeutic reason for targeting COX-3. Describe the function and therapeutic utility of non-steroidal anti- (f) inflammatory drugs.Classify the following enzymes: Oxidoreductase, Hydrolase, Transferase, Lyase, Ligase, Isomerase 1. Sucrase - 2. Trypsin - 3. Catalase - 4. Aspartate aminotransferase - 5. Cellulase - 6. Ptyalin - 7. Lactase - 8. Creatinine phosphokinase - 9. 5- alpha reductase - 10. Aminopeptidase -
- Write the products of the oxidation and reduction of D-mannose. HO HO H- H- || C-H II H -ОН -ОН CH₂OH D-MannosePhosphofructokinase 1 (PFK1) activity is regulated by the concentration of ATP through allostery. Increasing the cellular concentration of ATP decreases the affinity of the enzyme for the substrate fructose-6-phosphate. Given that ATP is also one of the substrates for PFK1, how does this regulation mechanism work so effectively? a) ATP can bind to two places on PFK, when ATP is bound in the other site, PFK changes conformation leading to lower affinity for fructose-6-phosphate b) At high concentrations, ATP binds and reverses the PFK reaction c) ATP decreases the activity of aldolase, leading to product inhibition of PFK d) ATP at high concentration binds in place of fructose-6-phosphateWhy are there reversible steps in the glycolytic pathway? Explain why they all be could not be irreversible?
- On the right is a diagram of plasma concentration of three metabolites: glucose, B- hydroxybutyrate, and free fatty acid of an experimental animal over weeks of starvation. 4. (a) Label the lines with the names of the three metabolites. Yellow: Red: 10 20 30 40 Blue: Days of starvation (b) What factor in the plasma binds to and transports free fatty acid (c) Where was B-hydroxybutyrate produced? Why it is produced? What are the purposes of producing it (d) How B-hydroxybutyrate is used as fuel in extrahepatic cells? Write down the reactions, enzymes, and cofactors (No need to elaborate on the TCA cycle). (e) How many ATP molecules or equivalent are generated after complete oxidation of one molecule of B-hydroxybutyrate? Show your calculations. Hint: You need to consider ATP consumption for bypassed steps that may normally yield or consume AT Plasma concentration (mM)Please briefly explain the ATP_modulated actomyosin cycle.A. Elastase is activated by trypsinB. Trypsinisactivatedbyelastase Which statement is correct? Proteolytic activation of chymotrypsin from chymotrypsinogen requires cleavage of four peptide bonds. Assume that any proteases can convert 100 substrates to 100 products. Activation of one enteropeptidase can eventually lead to formation of how many chymotrypsin proteins?
- Which of the following foods can someone who has lactoseintolerance eat?(a) ice cream(b) french fries(c) a chocolate milkshakeWhich of the following is not associated with Perilipin? A) when phosphorylated, it re-structures fat droplets for easy degradation of triacylglycerols B) is a fat droplet-associated protein C) is phosphorylated when glucagon and epinephrine levels are high D) when phosphorylated, it helps to degrade the coactivator of ATGL Next Page Page 4 of 125If the brain needs glucose, then gluconeogenesis stops after reaction (9, 8, 10, 2) because (phosphoenolpyruvate, glucose, glucose-6-phosphaet, fructose-6-phosphate) can be exported from the hepatocyte using a transporter.