Some Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) recognize nucleic acids, like RNA or DNA. Since our own cells contain human RNA and DNA, the activation of innate immune pathways by these PRRs must rely on additional criteria to discriminate self from nonself. Additional criteria include everything EXCEPT: The subcellular location of the RNA The presence of adenosine residues in viral RNA The methylation state of the DNA Unique structures found on viral RNA The subcellular location of the DNA

Some Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) recognize nucleic acids, like RNA or DNA. Since our own cells contain human RNA and DNA, the activation of innate immune pathways by these PRRs must rely on additional criteria to discriminate self from nonself. Additional criteria include everything EXCEPT: The subcellular location of the RNA The presence of adenosine residues in viral RNA The methylation state of the DNA Unique structures found on viral RNA The subcellular location of the DNA

Human Heredity: Principles and Issues (MindTap Course List)

11th Edition

ISBN:9781305251052

Author:Michael Cummings

Publisher:Michael Cummings

Chapter17: Genes And The Immune System

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 10QP: The Adaptive Immune Response Is a Specific Defense Against Infection Researchers have been having a...

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For many years it was a complete mystery howcytotoxic T cells could see a viral protein that seemed to bepresent only in the nucleus of the virus-infected cell. Theanswer was revealed in a classic paper that took advan-tage of a clone of T cells whose T cell receptor was directedagainst an antigen assoicated with the nuclear protein ofthe 1968 strain of influenza virus. The authors of the paperfound that when they incubated high concentrations ofcertain peptides derived from the viral nuclear protein, thecells became sensitive to lysis by subsequent incubationwith the cytotoxic T cells. Using various peptides from the1968 strain and the 1934 strain (with which the cytotoxic Tcells did not react), the authors defined the particular pep-tide responsible for the T cell response (Figure Q24–1).A. Which part of the viral protein gives rise to thepeptide that is recognized by the clone of cytotoxic T cells? Why do not all viral peptides sensitize the target cells forlysis by the cytotoxic T…
Viruses can easily mutate exchange genetic material, mechanisms referred to as antigenic drift and antigenic shift. These changes allow the virus to evade the immune system defenses. Match each term with the correct definition Antigenic drift [ Choose ] [Choose ] Different strains of a virus or strain of different viruses, combine and form a new strain that now has a mixture of the surface antigens Antigenic shift The virus changes genetically by accumulating mutations within the genes that code for antibody-binding sites
Regarding chronic disease prevention, match each term with the phrase that best describes it Molecule produced by innate immune cells that is involved in maintaining chronic inflammation A protein produced by the liver that is a frequently used marker of chronic inflammation The degree to which a certain food elevates blood glucose after it's eaten A small molecule that can bind to histones and DNA, frequently with the result of gene silencing An enzyme that rebuilds the end caps of chromosomes after each cell division, thus prolonging the life of the cell [Choose ] [Choose] Interleukin-6 TNF-alpha Methyl Tag Glycemic Load C Reactive Protein Glycemic Index Telomerase [Choose] [Choose ] [Choose ]
A cell is infected with an HIV mutant that results in very little virus being released into the medium that is used to grow the cultured cells. Upon electron microscopy it is noted that the membrane of the infected cell is idenitcal in appearance to a cell that has not been infected. In addition there is relatively little viral RNA in the cells and relatively few proviruses in the cellular genome when compared to a non-mutant HIV infection. Which of the following proteins is most likely mutated? Multiple Choice gag reverse transcriptase vif vpu
Bacteria have evolved numerous mechanisms to prevent the invasion of foreign viral DNA (see Bacterial Defense Mechanisms). Yet clearly some bacteria have evolved competence, the ability to take up foreign DNA from the environment. Why do bacteria take up naked DNA from the environment and yet exclude DNA from viruses?
Which of the following is an example of virus-encoded molecules modifying signal transduction pathways to promote replication? Group of answer choices Production of a small subgenomic RNA in flavivirus-infected cells Degradation of Xrn1 in poliovirus-infected cells Herpes simplex virus protein that blocks pre-mRNA splicing Poliovirus cleavage of nuclear export proteins
Which of the following is an example of virus-encoded molecules modifying signal transduction pathways to promote replication? Production of a small subgenomic RNA in flavivirus-infected cells Degradation of Xrn1 in poliovirus-infected cells Herpes simplex virus protein that blocks pre-mRNA splicing Poliovirus cleavage of nuclear export proteins
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Several vaccines against viral infections are made by isolating purified surface proteins of the viral particle, mixing them with an adjuvant to stimulate an innate immune response, and injecting the mixture into people. Two examples of this are the vaccine against Hepatitis B virus, and the vaccine against Human Papilloma Virus (the ‘cervical cancer’ vaccine). One interesting property of vaccines of this type (known as ‘subunit vaccines’) is that there is a requirement for a CD4 T cell response to the vaccine antigen in order to generate antibodies to the innocuous protein in the vaccine. In the case of the Hepatitis B vaccine, the viral protein included in the vaccine is the Hepatitis B surface antigen (HepB-SAg), a protein that is approximately 200 amino acids in length. The graph in Figure Q4.27 shows the data from immunizing individuals with this vaccine, and monitoring their production of protective antibody responses to the viral protein. a) What results would be predicted if…
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