Starting with the action of a neurotransmitter at the postsynaptic end of a neuron, what happens to generate an action potential to a second neuron?
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Starting with the action of a neurotransmitter at the postsynaptic end of a neuron, what happens to generate an action potential to a second neuron?
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- How much of a change in the membrane potential is necessary for the summation of postsynaptic potentials to result in an action potential being generated?Suppose that in a certain neuron, negatively charged protein molecules found in the intracellular compartment were suddenly able to diffuse through the cell membrane freely. What would be the result on this cell's resting membrane potential and action potential threshold? A) The resting potential would hyperpolarize and the action potential threshold would not change. B) The resting potential would depolarize and the action potential threshold would decrease. C) The resting potential would depolarize and the action potential threshold would not change. D) The resting potential would hyperpolarize and the action potential threshold would increase.Describe how an action potential in a presynaptic neuron causes a) an excitatory postsynaptic potential; or b) an inhibitory postsynaptic potential in a postsynaptic neuron
- Why does an action potential move in an all-or-nothing fashion down the length of an axon without stopping?Let’s say the synapses of a neuron’s dendrites are filled with glutamate-gated channels which, when activated by glutamate, cause an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) in the neuron. In one instance, glutamate is released at all of the synapses simultaneously and this leads to an action potential in the neuron. A) What type of summation of PSPs is this? Why? B) List the sequence of steps that occur starting from binding of glutamate to the glutamate-gated channels at the synapses and ending with the membrane potential at the axon hillock returning to resting potential at the end of the action potential. (Include all the changes in voltage-gated channels underlying the action potential.)List three ways in which action potentials can be initiated in neurons?
- When an impulse arrives at the synapse, the synaptic vesicles open and release neurotransmitters into the cleft within a thousandth of a second. Within another ten thousandth of a second, these molecules have diffused across the cleft and bound to receptor sites in the effector cell. In what two ways is transmission across a synapse terminated so that the neuron’s signal is concluded?Which of the following is the role of axonal Calcium (Ca2+) channels in neuronal communication at the synapse? a) they inhibit the action potential causing it to stop b) Calcium channels have no role in this process c) by allowing calcium to exit the cell, they promote the propagation of action potential across the synapse by creating depolarization d) by blocking calcium entrance, they mediate the contraction of presynaptic axon to facilitate movement e) when they open, calcium enters the presynaptic terminal, promoting fusion of neurotransmitter vesicles with presynaptic membrane, and release of neurotransmitters to the synaptic cleftHow do neurotransmitters directly affect the postsynaptic neuron? A)They cause a change in the electrical potential, exciting the neuron and causing it to fire b)They cause a change in the electrical potential, either exciting or inhibiting the next neuron. C)They cause a change in the electrical potential, inhibiting the neuron and stopping it from fi d)They connect with the appropriate receptor on the postsynaptic neuron
- What does it mean for an action potential to be an “allor none” event?What are the two main factors that influence the conduction speed of an action potential along an axon?Cystic fibrosis is a degenerative disease that causes the progressive breakdown of the myelin sheaths around the axons of neurons. Which of the following best describes the likely effect of cystic fibrosis on neuronal function? A B C D an inhibition in the release of neurotransmitters at the synaptic terminal a decrease in the conduction speed of the action potential along neuronal axons an unstoppable generation of action potential in affected neurons an inhibition in the generation of action potentials at neuronal dendrites