Suppose the number of available cores in CPUs is doubled every 18 months as technology advances. What is the minimum amount of off-chip memory bandwidth that the CPU of the future will need in order to keep per-core performance at the same level?
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Suppose the number of available cores in CPUs is doubled every 18 months as technology advances. What is the minimum amount of off-chip memory bandwidth that the CPU of the future will need in order to keep per-core performance at the same level?
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- If a microprocessor has a cycle time of 0.5 nanoseconds, what’s the processor clock rate? If the fetch cycle is 40% of the processor cycle time, what memory access speed is required to implement load operations with zero wait states and load operations with two wait states?How does pipelining improve CPU efficiency? What’s the potential effect on pipelining’s efficiency when executing a conditional BRANCH instruction? What techniques can be used to make pipelining more efficient when executing conditional BRANCH instructions?Processor R is a 64-bit RISC processor with a 2 GHz clock rate. The average instruction requires one cycle to complete, assuming zero wait state memory accesses. Processor C is a CISC processor with a 1.8 GHz clock rate. The average simple instruction requires one cycle to complete, assuming zero wait state memory accesses. The average complex instruction requires two cycles to complete, assuming zero wait state memory accesses. Processor R can’t directly implement the complex processing instructions of Processor C. Executing an equivalent set of simple instructions requires an average of three cycles to complete, assuming zero wait state memory accesses. Program S contains nothing but simple instructions. Program C executes 70% simple instructions and 30% complex instructions. Which processor will execute program S more quickly? Which processor will execute program C more quickly? At what percentage of complex instructions will the performance of the two processors be equal?
- Since a CPU with eight cores only has one memory channel, multitasking is challenging. What then is the answer to this issue?A CPU's clock rate is 4 GHz. This CPU's cache hit time is measured as 1 clock cycle, the miss penalty is 35 cycles. The cache hit rate is 80%. What's this CPU's average memory access time measured in ns?Discuss the concept of clock speed in CPUs and its impact on computational performance. How has it evolved over the years?
- What are the limitations of pipelining in improving CPU performance? How can these limitations be addressed in modern processors?How can hardware be optimised to improve a single CPU's efficiency?One drawback of an eight-core CPU with just one memory channel is that multitasking becomes challenging. And how may this issue be resolved?