Suppose you are a manager of a firm that operates in a duopoly. Recently, the state attorney general fined you and your competitor for price fixing. In your market, firms only set prices, not total quantities to sell. From previous experience, you know your competitor has a marginal cost of $5.48. Further, your marginal costs are $5.46. The previous cartel price was $10.00, when you and your competitor were price fixing. What price level do you now choose to maximize profits? $10.04 $5.46 $5.42 $5.47 $10.00 $5.48
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- Breakdown of a cartel agreement Consider a town in which only two residents, Darnell and Eleanor, own wells that produce water safe for drinking. Darnell and Eleanor can pump and sell as much water as they want at no cost. For them, total revenue equals profit. The following table shows the town's demand schedule for water. (base to table 1) Suppose Darnell and Eleanor form a cartel and behave as a monopolist. The profit-maximizing price is $_____ per gallon, and the total output is _____ gallons. As part of their cartel agreement, Darnell and Eleanor agree to split production equally. Therefore, Darnell's profit is $_______, and Eleanor's profit is $______. Suppose that Darnell and Eleanor have been successfully operating as a cartel. They each charge the monopoly price and sell half of the monopoly quantity. Then one night before going to sleep, Darnell says to himself, "Eleanor and I aren't the best of friends anyway. If I increase my production to 45 gallons more than…Gotcha, the only seller of stun guns, faces the inverse market demand curve, P = 400 - 120, where Q measures the number of stun guns sold per day, and P is the price per stun gun. The marginal cost is constant at $64. Suppose a new firm, Ouchy, enters the stun gun market. Ouchy's marginal cost is also constant at $64. Gotcha and Ouchy agree to form a cartel and evenly split the market output. Gotcha holds to the agreement, but Ouchy decides to produce 5 more stun guns than its level under the cartel agreement. In this case, the market price is $. 172 192 232 205Consider the curve shown in the figure below, which shows the market demand, marginal cost, and marginal revenue curve for firms in an oligopolistic industry. (MC curve is horizontal because it is assumed that the fixed costs are 0 for all firms and the AVC is constant, so ATC=AVC=MC.) Suppose the firms collude to form a cartel. What price will the cartel charge? What quantity will the cartel supply? How much profit will the cartel earn? Suppose now that the cartel breaks up and the oligopolistic firms compete as vigorously as possible by cutting the price and increasing sales. What will the industry quantity and price be? What will the collective profits be of all firms in the industry? Compare the equilibrium price, quantity, and profit for the cartel and cutthroat competition outcomes.
- Consider a hypothetical demand schedule for monosodium glutamate (MSG). Suppose that Ajinomoto holds 50% of the market, Jiali holds 30% of the market, and Quingdao holds 20% of the market. Suppose the three firms agree to form a cartel to fix production of monosodium glutamate. Assume marginal cost equals zero, and the output is split equally across the firms. Price of MSG ($ per pound) Quantity of MSG demanded (millions of pounds) $8 0 $7 20 $6 30 $5 40 $4 60 $3 90 $2 110 $1 180 $0 300 What quantity maximizes the cartel's profit? a.110 million pounds b.90 million pounds c.300 million pounds d.20 million pounds Suppose Ajinomoto's marginal cost remains equal to zero, but for Jiali and Quingdao, marginal costs rise above zero. How would this affect the incentive of Ajinimoto to act noncooperatively and change its output? a.Ajinomoto will have an incentive to increase its output of MSG. b.Ajinomoto will not have an incentive to change its…The table shows a hypothetical demand schedule for monosodium glutamate (MSG). Ajinomoto holds 5050% of the market, Jiali holds 3030% of the market, and Quingdao holds 2020% of the market. Suppose the three firms agree to form a cartel to fix production of monosodium glutamate. Assume marginal cost equals zero, and the output is split equally across the firms. What quantity maximizes the cartel's profit? Price of MSG ($ per pound) Quantity of MSG demanded (millions of pounds) $8$8 00 $7$7 2020 $6$6 3030 $5$5 4040 $4$4 6060 $3$3 9090 $2$2 110110 $1$1 180180 $0$0 300300 million pounds million pounds Suppose Ajinomoto's marginal cost remains equal to zero, but for Jiali and Quingdao, marginal costs rise above zero. How would this affect the incentive of Ajinomoto to act noncooperatively and change its output? Ajinomoto will not have an incentive to change its output. Ajinomoto will have an incentive to increase its output of MSG.…2. Deviating from the collusive outcome Mays and McCovey are beer-brewing companies that operate in a duopoly (two-firm oligopoly). The daily marginal cost (MC) of producing a can of beer is constant and equals $0.20 per can. Assume that neither firm had any startup costs, so marginal cost equals average total cost (ATC) for each firm. Suppose that Mays and McCovey form a cartel, and the firms divide the output evenly. (Note: This is only for convenience; nothing in this model requires that the two companies must equally share the output.) Place the black point (plus symbol) on the following graph to indicate the profit-maximizing price and combined quantity of output if Mays and McCovey choose to work together. (Dollars per can) PRICE 1.00 0.90 0.80 0.70 0.60 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.10 0 0 Demand MC = ATC MR 90 180 270 360 450 540 630 720 810 900 QUANTITY (Cans of beer) Monopoly Outcome (2)
- Suppose that the central bank for this economy suddenly and unexpectedly decreases the money supply in an effort to reduce inflation. As a result of this unanticipated policy action, actual inflation falls to 3%. On the previous graph, use the black point (plus symbol labeled "B") to illustrate the short-run effects of this policy. Suppose that now, after a period of 3% inflation, households and firms begin to expect that the inflation rate will persist at the level of 3%. On the previous graph, use the purple line (diamond symbol) to draw SRPC₂, the short-run Phillips curve that is consistent with these expectations, assuming that it is parallel to SRPC₂- Finally, using the orange point (square symbol labeled "C"), indicate on the previous graph the new, long-run equilibrium for this economy. The inflation rate at point C is unemployment rate at point A. the inflation rate at point A, and the unemployment rate at point C is Was the central bank able to achieve its goal of lowering…Consider a market with two firms managed by Harry and Vera. Under a cartel (both firms pick the high price), each firm earns a profit of $85. Under a duopoly (both firms pick the low price), each firm earns a profit of $70. If the two firms pick different prices, the high-price firm earns a profit of $25 and the low-price firm earns a profit of $100. This is depicted in the payoff matrix to the right. The outcome of the pricing game is Vera High Price Low Price O A. Harry and Vera both pick the high price. O B. Harry picks the low price and Vera picks the high price. OC. Harry picks the high price and Vera picks the low price. O D. Harry and Vera both pick the low price. Наrry $85 $100 High Price $85 $25 $25 $70 The outcome identified above is a Nash equilibrium because neither firm has an incentive to Low Price $100 $70 O A. pick the high price given that the other player is picking the low price. O B. pick the high price given that the other player is picking the high price. O C.…Suppose two companies, Apples and Dell, are a competing duopoly. If both companies charge the high price, they each earn $700 million in economic profit. If both companies charge the low price, they each earn $500 million in economic profit. If one company charges a high price and the other a low price, the company charging the higher price earns $450 million in economic profit and the company charging the lower price earns $800 million in economic profit. Create a payoff matrix and play the game. 1. What is the Nash equilibrium? Select all possible answers. 2. Thinking back to your answer for the Nash equilibrium, can firms do better than the outcome you identified? Explain.
- Seagate and Western Digital (WD) run a cartel producing identical 1 TB hard drives. The demand for hard drives is Q = 17 – P. They both have MC = 2 and no fixed cost so ATC = 2. This is a lot like the Coke-Pepsi game in the duopoly quantity_game video. You can verify that together the firms maximize their (combined) profit by each making 3.75 hard drives. What profit does Seagate make with this cartel agreement? $Consider a hypothetical demand schedule for monosodium Quantity of MSG demanded (millions of pounds) Price of MSG glutamate (MSG). Suppose that Ajinomoto holds 50% of ($ per pound) the market, Jiali holds 30% of the market, and Quingdao $8 holds 20% of the market. $7 20 Suppose the three firms agree to form a cartel to fix $6 30 production of monosodium glutamate. Assume marginal cost equals zero, and the output is split equally across $5 40 $4 60 the firms, $3 90 $2 110 What quantity maximizes the cartel's profit? $1 180 SO 300 110 million pounds 90 million pounds 300 million pounds 20 million pounds Suppose Ajinomoto's marginal cost remains equal to zero, but for Jiali and Quingdao, marginal costs rise above zero. How would this affect the incentive of Ajinimoto to act noncooperatively and change its output? Ajinomoto will have an incentive to increase its output of MSG. Ajinomoto will not have an incentive to change its output. Ajinomoto will have an incentive to decrease its output…The managers of these firms realize that explicit agreements to collude are illegal.Each firm must decide on its own whether to produce the Cournot quantity or the cartel quantity.To aid in making the decision, the manager of Firm A constructs a payoff matrix like the realone below. Fill in each box with the (profit of Firm A, profit of Firm B). Given this payoff matrix,what output strategy is each firm likely to pursue?