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- Discuss the composition of the transition state for the formation of ATP by ATP Synthase. a) Where is the active site for this enzyme located? b) How are the amino acid side chains from the α and β subunits of ATP Synthase involved? c) Discuss the importance of Mg+2 in the mechanism of this enzyme.The effect of ATP on the allosteric enzyme PFK-1 is shown below. For a given concentration of fructose 6-phosphate, the PFK-1 activity increases with increasing concentrations of ATP, but a point is reached beyond which increasing the concentration of ATP inhibits the enzyme. (a) Explain how ATP can be both a substrate and an inhibitor of PFK-1. How is the enzyme regulated by ATP? (b) In what ways is glycolysis regulated by ATP levels? (c) The inhibition of PFK-1 by ATP is diminished when the ADP concentration is high, as shown in the illustration. How can this observation be explained? *A graph is included for this question*How many protons are required to synthesize one ATP by F1F0-ATPase containing (a) 10 or (b) 15 c subunits?
- Identify each reaction catalyzed by (a) a nucleotidase; (b) a phosphorylase;(c) a phosphoribosyltransferase.(a)What are the two superfamilies of proteins in which amylase is categorized? (b)To which superfamily of proteins does active site of the amylase belong?How many net ATP are produced from the complete oxidation of one molecule of 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate (1,3 BPG) in a neuron?
- Intramitochondrial ATP concentrations are about 5 mM, and phosphate concentration is about 10 mM. If ADP is five times more abundant than AMP,calculate the molar concentrations of ADP and AMP at an energy charge of 0.85. Calculate ∆G for ATP hydrolysis at 37 °C under these conditions.The energy charge is the concentration of ATP plus half the concentration of ADP divided by the total adenine nucleotide concentration.What is the major activator (non-allosteric, direct-activator) of phosphorylase? How does this activator activate phosphorylase (type of regulation)?Von Gierke’s disease is also known as glycogen storage disease type I. Patients with von Gierke’s disease lackglucose 6-phosphatase activity. Two prominent symptoms of this disorder are fasting hypoglycemia and lactic acidosis (elevated lactate levels in the blood), especially during strenuous exercise. Explain why these symptoms occur. What chemical reaction does this enzyme catalyze? Which pathways involve this enzyme? Lacking thisenzyme will cause impairment of which pathways?• Pls consider what pathways are affected by Von Gierke’s disease. Include in your explanation involving the Cori’s cycle.
- Von Gierke’s disease is also known as glycogen storage disease type I. Patients with von Gierke’s disease lackglucose 6-phosphatase activity. Two prominent symptoms of this disorder are fasting hypoglycemia and lactic acidosis (elevated lactate levels in the blood), especially during strenuous exercise. Explain why these symptoms occur. What chemical reaction does this enzyme catalyze? Which pathways involve this enzyme? Lacking thisthe enzyme will cause impairment of which pathways?• Pls consider what pathways are affected by Von Gierke’s disease. Include in your explanation involving Cori’s cycle. can you please do not write by your hand? I mean computer if you can. thank youIs GAPDH only a glycolytic enzyme? What are the other physiological functions of GAPDH?The final step in the pathway for the synthesis of glucose from lactate (gluconeogenesis) is: Glucose-6-phosphate + H20 5 Glucose + Pi When glucose-6-phosphate is incubated with the proper enzyme and the reaction runs until equilibrium has been reached, the final concentrations are found to be: glucose-6-phosphate (0.035 mM), glucose (100 mM), and Pi (100 mM). Calculate AG" at 25°C and pH 7. 10:21 PM 4/21/2021 F5 F6 F7 F8 F10 F9 7 8. Backspace ー の