The MHC molecule diversity is generated by which of the following mechanisms? Select one: a. Somatic recombination and junctional diversity Ob. Somatic hypermutation Oc. Polymorphism Od. Alternative RNA splicing to generate secreted form e. Class switching
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- The phenomenon of allelic exclusion ensures that B cells a. use only one V, D, and J segment during somatic recombination b. express only one type of heavy chain and one type of light chain c. do not undergo alternative splicing until cell proliferation commences d. do not secrete antibody until antigen is encountered e. carry out affinity maturation directed at heavy chains and not light chains f. derived from B-cell lymphomas are heterogeneous.Polymorphism implies that each different MHCprotein binds a different peptide motif. For the MHCclass I polymorphisms, how many different MHCproteins are expressed in an individual? How many bythe entire human population?Entanercept is a pharmaceutical that is composed of a recombinant receptor for human tumor necrosis factor, fused to the Fc portion of the immunoglobulin IgG. How does it work?
- Which of the following must occur for programmed cell death (apoptosis): 1. p53 must be stabilized 2. M-Cdk must be active 3. Caspases must be inactivated 4. There must be local inflammationIn addition to phagocytosis, neutrophils use a process called NETs. Which one of the following describes this process? Group of answer choices A. NETs is a neutrophil process that activates the complement system of proteins, which destroys pathogens. B. A net-like structure of DNA, histones, lactoferrins, gelatinase, cathepsin G, and myeloperoxidase is secreted at pathogens. Together these chemicals destroy pathogens. C. NETs works when neutrophils secrete major basic proteins onto pathogens, destroying the pathogens' cell membranes. D. NETs are chemicals secreted by neutrophils that trigger the rapid maturation of lymphoid stem cells into lymphocytes.B cells are specialized blood cells that secrete antibodies. Normally, human blood has millions of differenttypes of B cells making millions of different kinds ofantibody molecules. This variety occurs because, as described in the Fast Forward Box in Chapter 13 entitledProgrammed DNA Rearrangements and the ImmuneSystem, antibody genes undergo rearrangements in theprecursors of B cells. Individual B cell precursorsrearrange their antibody genes in different ways.In the blood of patients with cancers called B celllymphomas, almost all of the antibody molecules areall of one type, but this single type of antibody isdifferent in different lymphoma patients.a. Based on this information, provide a brief description of the genesis of B cell lymphomas, focusingon the cells that are overproliferating.
- Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the causative agent of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) infects T-helper cells that have the CD4 receptor on their surface: gp120 CD4 receptor -CXCR4 coreceptor RNA- Revorse transcriptase enzyme Core with - protein coat Capsomeres of protein coat Envelope T cll DNA (a) Structure of HIV (b) HIV infecting a T cell with CD4 receptors, and CXCR4 coreceptors which are distributed over the surface of the cell Copyright e 2001 Benjamin Cummings, an imprint of Addison Wesloy Longman, Inc. A. As shown in the above diagram, HIV attaches to a susceptible cell by a binding interaction between the gp120 protein on the virus protein and the CD4 and CXCR4 receptors on the surface of the T-helper cell. What will be the next event in the virus life cycle? B. One mechanism for transmission of HIV is direct contact during sexual activity. What is the other common mechanism of transmission?When a mixture of different IgG antibody proteins are treated with the enzyme papain, each antibody is cleaved into three roughly equal size fragments. From each original antibody, two of the three fragments are identical to each other, and represent the ‘arms’ of the antibody ‘Y’. These fragments are known as Fab fragments. The third fragment is known as the Fc region, because this fragment will crystallize when purified. The reason a mixture of Fc fragments will crystallize is because: It is the only part of the antibody protein that can easily be purified at the high concentrations needed for crystallization. It has no disulfide bonds holding the domains together, as disulfide bonds will inhibit crystallization. It is the only fragment of the antibody that still has disulfide bonds, so it remains intact during the crystallization process. The Fc fragments of IgG are much more water soluble than the Fab fragments. All Fc fragments generated from a mixture of IgG molecules have the…The extensive polymorphism of MHC genes in the population is thought to represent an evolutionary response to outflank the evasive strategies of pathogens. This polymorphism makes it difficult for pathogens to eliminate all potential MHC binding epitopes from their proteins. Based on this reasoning, it would seem advantageous for each individual to encode more than three different MHC class I and three different MHC class II genes per chromosome copy. If some individuals in the population had MHC loci that encoded 10 different MHC class I and 10 different MHC class II genes, the T cell repertoire in those individuals would likely be: Much more diverse than in the rest of the individuals of that population Much better at recognizing rare pathogens not encountered by most individuals in that population Much less diverse than the rest of the individuals in that population Much more alloreactive than the T cells found in the other individuals of that population Very reactive to bacterial…
- Increased stability of would lead to low G1/S-Cdk activity. Select one: O a. Cdc20 O b. Wee1 O c. Cdc25 O d. Cdt1 O e. p53Which of the following events is not associated with the establishment of allelic exclusion of immunoglobulin heavychain loci? a. active transcription of RAG1 and RAG2 b. degradation of RAG proteins c. expression of only one productively rearranged heavychain locus d. remodeling of chromatin structure of heavy-chain locus so that it resists gene rearrangement e. formation of a functional pre-B-cell receptor.In tumor cells obtained from patients with Burkittlymphoma, a cancer of the immune system’s B cells,the myc gene often appears close to one of the breakpoints of a reciprocal translocation between chromosomes 8 and 14. In this translocated position, myc is expressed at a higher-than-normal level. Scientists hypothesize that Myc protein overexpression in B cellscontributes to lymphoma formation.a. Explain how transgenic mice produced using pronuclear injection could be used to test this hypothesis. (Assume that you previously cloned a generegulatory region that is active specifically in Bcells throughout the life of the mouse.)b. Suppose you wanted to overexpress Myc only inthe immune cells of mice, starting at one week ofage. To restrict Myc transcription spatially, youwill use same promoter described in part (a). Torestrict Myc transcription temporally, you will usea cre transgene whose expression is controlled byheat shock (hs-cre). Describe the mouse you wouldcreate to accomplish…