The public smoking of cigarettes generates costs to society from second-hand smoke, therefore, cigarette production imposes costs on people who do not smoke. Moreover, private consumption of cigarettes can start apartment building and wild fires that also impose costs on non-smokers. Luckily, fire extinguishers can help prevent the spread of Fires. Suppose that the government can institute either a tax on cigarette producers, or a subsidy to cigarette producers, to bring the private production costs in line with social costs. Identify where the socially optimal equilibrium would be. 0

The public smoking of cigarettes generates costs to society from second-hand smoke, therefore, cigarette production imposes costs on people who do not smoke. Moreover, private consumption of cigarettes can start apartment building and wild fires that also impose costs on non-smokers. Luckily, fire extinguishers can help prevent the spread of Fires. Suppose that the government can institute either a tax on cigarette producers, or a subsidy to cigarette producers, to bring the private production costs in line with social costs. Identify where the socially optimal equilibrium would be. 0

Micro Economics For Today

10th Edition

ISBN:9781337613064

Author:Tucker, Irvin B.

Publisher:Tucker, Irvin B.

Chapter14: Environmental Economics

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 18SQ

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The public smoking of cigarettes generates costs to society from second-hand smoke, therefore, cigarette production imposes costs on people who do not smoke. Moreover, private consumption of cigarettes can start apartment building and wild fires that also impose costs on non-smokers. Luckily, fire extinguishers can help prevent the spread of fires. Suppose that the government can institute either a tax on cigarette producers, or a subsidy to cigarette producers, to bring the private production costs in line with social costs. Identify where the socially optimal equilibrium would be.
Suppose that a vaccine is developed for a highly contagious strain of flu. The likelihood that anyone will get this flu decreases as more people receive the vaccine. One of the demand curves below represents the private demand for the vaccine and the other represents the social demand for the vaccine. 110 T 100 90 80 70 Price ($/dose) IN WAS ON 10 0 30 20 60 50 40 0 25 ' S D1 D2 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 Quantity (doses/day) The total social benefit of 75 doses is:
The graph shows the private supply and demand curves for spaceships in Spacelandia. The craft are quite popular, but unfortunately produce pollutants as a by-product when Spacelandians fly about. Suppose the government of Spacelandia places a per unit tax on the production of spaceships equal to the marginal damage cost (MDC). Demonstrate the effect of the tax by shifting the appropriate curve or curves. Supply Demand Quantity Price
The production of plastic creates pollution, which, in sufficient quantities, can harm people’s health. Assume that the plastic industry is perfectly competitive. We know that the industry will produce more output than is socially optimal, since firms do not bear the costs of pollution (that is, pollution is a negative externality). Without government intervention, the market output will be 50 million units at a price of $10, where $10 is the minimum AC of firms in the industry. This cost is the long-run marginal private cost (MPC) of making plastic. The marginal social cost (MSC) of plastic is $15 at this level of output; the MSC includes the external social cost of pollution. Since MSC exceeds price, output is too high. The socially optimal output is 30 million units at a price of $13. This output can be attained by levying an excise tax of $3 on each unit of plastic. Assume that the demand and marginal social cost (MSC) curves are linear, as shown in the graph below. (a) Calculate…
The production of plastic creates pollution, which, in sufficient quantities, can harm people's health. Assume that the plastic industry is perfectly competitive. We know that the industry will produce more output than is socially optimal, since firms do not bear the costs of pollution (that is, pollution is a negative externality). Without government intervention, the market output will be 50 million units at a price of $10, where $10 is the minimum AC of firms in the industry. This cost is the long-run marginal private cost (MPC) of making plastic. The marginal social cost (MISC) of plastic is $15 at this level of output; the MSC includes the external social cost of pollution. Since MSC exceeds price, output is too high. The socially optimal output is 30 million units at a price of $13. This output can be attained by levying an excise tax of $3 on each unit of plastic. Assume that the demand and marginal social cost (MSC) curves are linear, as shown in the graph a. The government…
The production of plastic creates pollution, which, in sufficient quantities, can harm people's health. Assume that the plastic industry is perfectly competitive. We know that the industry will produce more output than is socially optimal, since firms do not bear the costs of pollution (that is, pollution is a negative externality). Without government intervention, the market output will be 50 million units at a price of $10, where $10 is the minimum AC of firms in the industry. This cost is the long-run marginal private cost (MPC) of making plastic. The marginal social cost (MISC) of plastic is $15 at this level of output; the MSC includes the external social cost of pollution. Since MSC exceeds price, output is too high. The socially optimal output is 30 million units at a price of $13. This output can be attained by levying an excise tax of $3 on each unit of plastic. Assume that the demand and marginal social cost (MSC) curves are linear, as shown in the graph below. (a) Calculate…
Assume that each gallon of gas consumed creates extra costs for the citizens of Iola in the form of congestion, noise, and pollution. Researchers from Allen Community College have estimated that the Marginal Social Cost of the consumption of gasoline is described by the following equation: Marginal Social Cost: P = 1 + 2 Q Graph the market. Be sure to fully and clearly label the graph, including: the Demand (D), the Marginal Private Cost (MPC), the Marginal Social Cost (MSC), the Private Equilibrium Quantity (Qpe), Private Equilibrium Price as (Ppe), the Socially Optimal Price (Ps), the Socially Optimal Quantity (Qs), and the Deadweight Loss (DWL).
Scenario 10-1The demand curve for gasoline slopes downward and the supply curve for gasoline slopes upward. The production of the 200th gallon of gasoline entails the following: a private cost of $3.03; a social cost of $3.23; a value to consumers of $3.39. Refer to Scenario 10-1. Let QMARKET represent the equilibrium quantity of gasoline, and let QOPTIMUM represent the socially optimal quantity of gasoline. Which of the following inequalities is correct? Group of answer choices QOPTIMUM < QMARKET < 200 QMARKET < 200 < QOPTIMUM 200 < QOPTIMUM < QMARKET QOPTIMUM < 200 < QMARKET
A study finds that the noise from lawn mowers is harmful; hence, the government imposes a $25 tax on the sale of every lawn mower. This amount accurately accounts for the external cost of the noise pollution. Before the corrective tax, basic push mowers regularly sold for $190. After the tax is in place, the market price for basic push mowers rises to $208. Because of the tax, the number of basic push mowers sold will .The socially optimal price of basic push mowers is $ .The private market price is $ .A firm selling basic push mowers receives $ after it pays the tax.
In 1998, California became the first state to adopt rules requiring many sport utility vehicles, pickups, and minivans to meet the same pollution standards as regular cars, effective in 2004. As the deadline drew near, a business group (which may have an incentive to exaggerate) estimated that using the new technology to reduce pollution would increase vehicle prices by as much as $7,000. A spokesperson for the California Air Resources Board, which imposed the mandate, said that the additional materials cost was only about $70 to $270 per vehicle. Suppose that the two major producers are Toyota and Ford, and these firms were price setters with differentiated products. Show the effect of the new regulation. Is it possible that the price for these vehicles would rise by substantially more than the marginal cost would? Explain your answer.
Suppose the supply curve of portable radio rentals in Golden Gate Park is given by: P = 5 + 0.1Q, where P is the daily rent per unit in dollars and Q is the volume of units rented in hundreds per day. The demand curve for portable radios is: P=20-0.2Q. If each portable radio imposes $3.60 per day in noise costs on others, by how much will the equilibrium number of portable radios rented exceed the socially optimal number? units (in hundreds).
If we want to increase the cigarette tax to promote environmentally-friendly behavior, the tax will discourage the consumption of cigarettes by the greatest extent when the price elasticity of demand equals