The syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) is a disorder of impaired water excretion caused by the inability to suppress the secretion of antidiuretic hormone. Why does the patient experience serum hypernatremia (high sodium), polyuria and polydipsia (excessive thirst)? Explain.
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- The presence of compounds in urine, depending on the level or range, are indications of underlying disorders. Using glucose as an example, what does the presence of this compound in the urine indicate? And after seeing this compound consecutively in the result, what would be the best course of action to take?Mention at least 5 proteins, besides albumin, that are present in the urine under pathological conditions. Explain why a glucose test that is normally reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule may appear in the urine, and state the renal threshold levels for glucose.Why do individuals with the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) secrete concentrated urine?
- Renin is an important proteolytic enzyme produced by the kidney, involved in the control of salt/water balance in the body. Explain the source of renin, how it is secreted and how it acts to ultimately influence plasma volume. A separate hormonal system exists for directly controlling kidney water reabsorption. Explain how this hormone is released and how it exerts its renal effects.Describe the impact of Vasopressin (aka Antidiuretic hormone, or ADH) on urine concentration. Be able to clearly explain the hormone’s mechanism of action.A steady increase in the excretion of sodium and chlorine ions causes the insufficiency of one hormone. What is the name of this hormone? Describe manifestations which appear at insufficiency or redundancy of these ions. Explain. 2. The patient was diagnosed with hypernatremia, hypokalemia, increased osmotic blood pressure, edema. a) What pathology occurs in the patient? b) Violation of the secretion of which hormone is observed in this pathology? Name its chemical nature c) Specify the mechanism of action of the hormone
- The blood flow to the kidneys is transiently reduced during acute renal ischemia. How a decrease in blood flow to kidneys affects the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, sodium absorption, and blood pressure. Describe how decreased blood flow is detected in the kidneys, and how it affects renin, angiotensin, and aldosterone secretion, sodium and fluid retention, and blood pressure.A person is suspected of having chronic renal failure. To assess kidneyfunction, urea clearance is measured and found to be very low. Explainwhat a very low urea clearance indicates for this patient. Compare that withthe effect of chronic renal failure on the tendency for the blood K+ level tobe higher than normal and the blood Na+ level to be lower than normal.What is the significance of abnormality of high concentration of uric acid in the urine?
- A laboratorian obtains a Urea N value of 61 mg/dL and a serum creatinine value of 2.5 mg/dL on a patient. Identify the condition impacting renal function? The patient's renal function is normal, Prerenal condition, Renal condition, or Postrenal condition?What condition would a patient have if they excreted greater than 150 mg of protein per day? What diagnostic information can be obtained by an elevated urine microalbumin? Proteinuria can be classified as ___ or ___.Is an increase in albumin excretion observed only in pathological urine? Why or why not?