tion. A) They release histamine in response to allergens. B) They release perforins to poke holes in the membrane of abnormal C) More than one of the options listed describe the role of cytotoxic T lymphocytes. O D) They produce interferon to protect body cells from exotoxins. OE) They produce large amounts of IgG.
Q: What are the components of innate immunity?
A: The innate immune system comprises of the barriers that aids to keep viruses, bacteria and other…
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A: FEVER It is the condition of an increased body temperature which is not a disease but a symptom. B…
Q: Which of these statements about complement proteins C3a and C5a is false?a. They are released during…
A: Complement is a group of plasma proteins that can get activated directly by pathogens or indirectly…
Q: What are the effects of complement system activation?
A: Thank you for the question Answer = complement system is a part of innate immune system and is also…
Q: What is the function of the MHC antigens?
A: MHC stands for Major Histocompatibility Complex.
Q: What is the source of Interferons (type I)?
A: Interferons can be defined as the group of signaling proteins that are released with the help of…
Q: what are the functions of antigen presentation?
A: Antigen presentation is the process by which protein antigen is is presented to lymphocytes in the…
Q: What does the rapid activation of the innate immunity lead to?
A: Innate immunity can be defined as the nonspecific defense mechanisms that will come into play…
Q: What are autoimmune diseases? Give two examples?
A: The complex network of proteins and cells that protects the body against infection is called the…
Q: What are the mechanisms used by B cells to generate antibody diversity?
A: Antibodies are immunoglobulins produced in response to an antigenic stimulation. They mai either…
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A: Human immune virus (HIV) is a retrovirus which attacks the immune cells of the body. It affects the…
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A: The innate immune response is the primary defense present in all multicellular organisms. This…
Q: What are the roles of helper T cells?
A: Majority of the lymphocytes circulating in the blood are made up of T lymphocytes involved in the…
Q: In addition to cells infected by microbes, what other types of target cells are attacked by…
A: Lymphocytes are the types of WBC (white blood cells) that are located in the immune system of the…
Q: In the absence of thymus, where does the maturation of t cells occur ?
A: B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes are two important immune cells that take part in acquired immunity…
Q: Explain the two processes by which B-cells are activated to inactivate an antigen?
A: B cells are activated mainly by either of the two processes - PROCESS 1- B cells are activated…
Q: Which type of T-cell activates a macrophage to greater killing power in the presence of an…
A: A T cell is a type of lymphocyte, which develops in the thymus gland (hence the name) and plays a…
Q: What is Delayed hypersensitivity?
A: Hypersensitivity refers to undesirable reactions created by the conventional immune system, as well…
Q: What are the three most important products of the complement system?
A: Complement system : It is also known as complement cascade and is a part of the immune system.…
Q: What is the difference between a T-cell-dependent and T-cell- independent response?
A: Immunity is the capability of the body to fight against foreign attack and maintain the persistence…
Q: What is the difference between PAMP and antigen?
A: The immune system is studied in immunology. The immune system is a collection of cells, tissues, and…
Q: In general, what sorts of pathogens might be able to more successfully attack a patient with an…
A: B lymphocytes are mediators of the humoral (antibody-producing) immunity Without B-cells, our body…
Q: All of the following are true of some or all complement proteins except _____. a. they are soluble…
A: The complement system is part of the immune system which involves specialized proteins that aid the…
Q: What sorts of pathogens could successfully attack a patient who is unable to produce T lymphocytes?
A: White blood cell protects body from pathogen. Specifically lymphocyte doing this job. Lymphocytes…
Q: Where are B-cells and T-cells formed? How do they differ from each other?
A: B cells and T cells are lymphocytes that are derived from specific types of stem cells called…
Q: What are some examples of innate defense mechanisms that are chemical in nature? What is complement?
A: The immune system is complex and is made up of few organs and a broad network of cells and proteins…
Q: Why is the evasion of phagocytosis a type of virulence factor?
A: The chemicals that help the bacteria invade the host at the cellular level are known as virulence…
Q: What is the function of mucus in preventing infections? Group of answer choices To stimulate the…
A: Mucus is a aqueous layer that is secreted by the mucous membranes.
Q: What are TLRS? How does this work to ensure to prevent pathogens to cause diseases? Where are the…
A: The innate immune system is the first line of protection in opposition to pathogens, which is…
Q: What are some factors that trigger the complement cascade?
A: The complement cascade is a system of proteins that accounts for intensifying the antibody’s ability…
Q: What is the role of the primary lymphoid organ in adaptive immunity?
A: The body has special organs and mechanisms that aid in the defense against infection-causing agents;…
Q: Which type of T cell is most important in both cellular and humoral immunity?
A: There are two main mechanisms of immunity within the adaptive immune system – humoral and cellular.…
Q: What is Interferons (type II)?
A: The human body is made up of different biomolecules performing different classes of function in…
Q: An epitope associates with which part of an antigen receptor?
A:
Q: What is the function of the inflammatory response?
A: Response evoked by the injury is termed inflammation. The inflammatory response is a defense…
Q: What is the systemic inflammatory response syndrome?
A: Introduction: A complex interplay between the humoral and cellular immune response, cytokines, and…
Q: Match the following with A. First line of defense, B. second line of defense, C third line of…
A: INTRODUCTION In the human body there are three lines of defence it may fight against the…
Q: Which type of T cell is most important in both cellular and humoral immunity? Why?
A: T cells or T lymphocytes are a sub population of lymphocytes that are produced in the bone marrow…
Q: What is y-interferon?
A: Interferons are group of naturally occurring substance that interferes with the ability of viruses…
Q: What is the difference between humoral and cellular adaptive immunity
A: Immunity can be defined as an ability of our body to protect from any foreign materials. It can be…
Q: The classical complement pathway involves activation of the complement proteins in which of the…
A: Complement system is a cascade that assists the antibodies and phagocytes to clear off…
Q: What is opsonization? What is the role of antibodies in this process?
A: When the immune system recognizes foreign antigen enters in the body, complement activation occurs.…
Q: What kinds of infections usually result in the production of interferon?
A: Interferons are proteinaceous molecules of immune system. They belong to a family of immune…
Q: What is the immunity of agranulocytes?
A: Agranulocytes are mononuclear cells which are a type of white blood cells or leukocytes. these…
Q: How can an extracellular bacterium and an intracellular virus independently be targeted by a…
A: Cytotoxic T cells and Helper T cells provide protection against differen types of pathoges.…
Q: What are allergens? How do they cause inflammatory response inside human body?
A: Inflammation an immune response, which is triggered by the immune system in response to stimuli,…
Q: If a series of genetic mutations prevented some, but not all, of the complement proteins from…
A: Innate and adaptive immune responses are both parts of the immune system. Innate immunity develops…
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- Which of the following lists contains cells that are typically considered to be associated with the innate immune response? Question 14 options: A) neutrophils, macrophages, T cells B) neutrophils, macrophages, NK cells C) B cells, T cells, and NK cells D) basophils, T cells, mast cellsThe correct order of words to describe how innate immune response responds to a pathogen that has gotten by the physical and chemical barriers is: À) Skin, Saliva, Cytokines, Macrophage B)Macrophage, Cytokines, Neutrophil, Natural Killer Cell C) Neutrophil, Cytokines, Killer T Cell, Antibodies D) Antigen, Macrophage, B Cell, Killer T CellWhich of the following is a characteristic of a cytotoxic T cell? Question 7 options: A) They originate in bone marrow. B) They have antibodies on their surfaces. C) They are responsible for the memory response. D) They recognize antigens associated with MHC I.
- Which of the following happens during inflammation? A) O The capillaries supplying blood to the area become more permeable. B)O Certain cytokines cause deadened nerve endings, alleviating pain. C) O Neutrophils exit blood vessels and phagocytize cells in the infected area. 11) D.OB cells and T cells exit blood vessels and interact with pathogens. E) O two of the above are correctA 40-year-old man with a complement deficiency agrees to participate in a clinical study of immune mechanisms. The subject is unable to activate the complement system by the classical pathway, but he can activate the complement system by the alternate pathway. Deletion of which of the following components is consistent with these findings? A) C2 B) C3 C) C5 D) C8 E) Factor B F) Factor D OG) Factor H OH) von Willebrand factorWhich of the following is NOT true of Innate Lymphoid Cells (ILCs)? A) Each ILC type responds to a different category of pathogens. b.)) ILCs are derived from the common lymphoid precursor. c. )) ILCs rearrange their antigen receptors in a similar way to T-cells. d. ))Each ILC type is distinguished by the cytokines that it produces. e. ))Development of each ILC type is driven by unique transcription factors.
- Which of the following among A-D is not a characteristic of T cells? A) O Cytotoxic T cells can kill vius-infected cells. 111 B) O Cytotoxic T cells respond to antigen bound to MHC class I molecules, 0 O Certain T helper cells bind to and activate macrophages and dendritic cells. D) O Certain T helper cells activate B cells for antibody production. E) O All the above are characteristics of T cells.Select all of the following that are functions performed by different antibodies. ( select all the correct answers) Group of answer choices a) Attracting natural killer cells to destroy an infected cell. b) Blocking the ability of a pathogen to bind to a host cell c) Lysing a pathogen cell wall or lipid bilayer. d) Marking a pathogen so that innate immune cells destroy the pathogen. e) Helping complement proteins bind to a pathogen.Select all of the following that are functions performed by different antibodies. a) Group of answer choices b) Attracting natural killer cells to destroy an infected cell. c) Blocking the ability of a pathogen to bind to a host cell d) Lysing a pathogen cell wall or lipid bilayer. e) Marking a pathogen so that innate immune cells destroy the pathogen. f) Helping complement proteins bind to a pathogen.
- All of the following cells directly incorporate antigens into their structures, EXCEPT: A). Antigen presenting cells. B). Helper T cells C). B cells D). Killer T cellsDelayed-type hypersensitivity reactions in the skina) are characterized by a wheal and flare reaction.b) peak at 4 to 6 hours after exposure to antigen.c) require complement activation.d) show induration because of the influx of sensitized T cells and macrophages.e) depend on activities of the Fc portion of antibodies.i) True or False : Antibodies attach firmly to an antigenic determinant called an epitope.ii) True or False: Band T-cells are the components of the adaptive immune system.iii) True or False: Swelling, redness, and pain of the injured part are due to inflammation of the injured tissue.iv) True or False: Insertion of complement proteins C7, C8, and C9 into the cell membrane of the pathogen is due to the Amphipathic nature of these proteins.v) True or False: During inflammation cells from the adaptive immune systems are mainly recruited towards the site of infection.vi) True or False: Cytokines are released by Macrophages for the killing of the Ag directly.vii) True or False: Macrophages always mature into monocytes at the site of infection.viii) True or False: All components of the Complement systems remain active in the body all the time.ix) True or False: All the factors of the complement system remain active except factor-D due to its substrate specificity for factor-B, bound to…