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Using Hill’s criteria of causality show that smoking causes lung cancer. Mentioning all of the nine criteria.
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- The following data (in picture) were reported in a 2004 Journal of the National Cancer Institute article on recent developments in the tobacco epidemiology story in regards to lung cancer morbidity associated with "involuntary smoking" (final author, Richard Doll). a. Based on Tobacco epidemiology, explain the findings in the table below b. Identify 2 of Sir Austin Bradford Hill's "Criteria for Causation" that are illustrated in these data. Explain.The following data (in picture) were reported in a 2004 Journal of the National Cancer Institute article on recent developments in the tobacco epidemiology story in regards to lung cancer morbidity associated with "involuntary smoking" (final author, Richard Doll). a. Based on Tobacco epidemiology, explain the findings in the table (picture) b. Identify 2 of Sir Austin Bradford Hill's "Criteria for Causation" that are illustrated in these data. Explain.In MLA format, write a 3-4 page paper exploring one of the cause-and-effect sharp rises in reported cases of asthma. As considered in the argument, keep the diagram of the different forms.
- Consider the following causal structure Lung Cancer X-ray Smoking Fatigue X-ray Smoking Bronchitis Fatigue Conditional on which variable, Lung Cancer and Bronchitis can be dependent on each other?Create a ONE page concept map based on the research of your chosen clinical model (lung cancer). Ensure that your concept map includes details relating to the pathophysiology, aetiology, risk factors, signs and symptoms (clinical manifestations), diagnosis and treatment of your chosen clinical model.. What is Diamond’s hypothesis regarding the relationship between Tay-Sachs and tuberculosis? What are the questions that remain to be answered in testing this hypothesis? Explain.
- Many of the most common causes of death are preventable through modification of which of the following? Question 36 options: a) Weight (obesity), water (less sugar sweetened beverages), and walking (increase) b) Drinks (alcohol consumption), dreams (sleep patterns) and drama (stress) c) Feet (physical activity), forks (eating patterns), and fingers (smoking) d) Activity (increase), aging (decrease) and adequacy (nutritional intakeOutline Knudson’s two-hit hypothesis of retinoblastoma and describe how it helps to explain unilateral and bilateral cases of retinoblastoma.Two new tests (A and B) have been developed to diagnose gout. The following tables provide information on the number of individuals testing positive or negative and their true status: Calculate the sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive values for both tests. b) Imagine a situation where the consequences of false negative test results are worse than a false positive test. For example, patients that have gout but test negative may not be treated properly and develop other complications. Which test would you use in this situation? Why?
- Propose a theoretical way to cure Down syndrome. Explain why it's theoretical and not practicalExplain about the Prader–Willi syndrome ?a) In this graph, what is the average causal effect of the treatment? (max 1 sentence) b) In this graph, what ist he difference-in-difference estimator of the effect of the treatment? (max 1 sentence) (Hint: use the letters shown in the gaph in your answers for a) and b)) c) What is the name of the curcial assumption for differnces-in-differnces estimation
