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- Describe the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. State the function of this system. State how this system helps to control plasma Na+ concentrations and blood pressure.Explain the role of renin-angiotensin - aldosterone pathway in restoring blood pressure and fluid balance. Include the stimulus for release, the pathway that is involved, and the physiological effects of angiotensin II and aldosterone. Answer should include: Identify stimulus/change that starts the pathway (i.e. Identify the direction of change IN BP or circulating fluid status) What happens in the juxtaglomerular cells? Clue: what stimulus causes the release of renin? Explain action of renin - what protein does it act on? What is it converted to? Which enzymes converts angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2? What are the actions of angiotensin 2? Clue: stimulates adrenal context to produce what? And what effect does angiotensin 2 have on blood vessels? What causes reabsorption of Na into blood ? What effect does this have on blood volume? How is BP restored ? Explain how this relates to equation for BP ( BP= CO x TPR)The blood flow to the kidneys is transiently reduced during acute renal ischemia. How a decrease in blood flow to kidneys affects the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, sodium absorption, and blood pressure. Describe how decreased blood flow is detected in the kidneys, and how it affects renin, angiotensin, and aldosterone secretion, sodium and fluid retention, and blood pressure.
- A patient is found to have severe arteriosclerosis of the renal arteries, which reduces renal blood flow. Which of the following options is consistent with this diagnosis? hypotension reduced vasomotor tone hypertension increased sympathetic stimulation of the heart bA 65-year-old male patient is prescribed an ACE ( Angiotensin-converting enzyme) inhibitor (Benazepril ) for the treatment of hypertension. Which statement below is incorrect? Angiotensin II causes constriction of the vessels and triggers the release of aldosterone. ACE Inhibitors prevent Angiotensinogen I from converting to Angiotensin II. Kidneys will excrete water and potassium. This medication will lower SVR (systemic vascular resistance) and blood pressure.Indicate which of the following is (are) being described: angiotensisn II, aldosterone and/or ADH increases blood pressure by direct vasoconstriction (2 answers) stimulates insertion of aquaporins into the collecting duct (1) increases the secretion of the other two (1) acts on the principal cells of the nephron (2 answers) increases Na+ reabsorption by the kidney (1) has its production directly blocked by ACE inhibitors (1) increases water reabsorption by acting on kidney collecting duct (1)
- Present pathophysiologic interactions between heart and kidneys in patients with cardio-renal syndrome. Why many patients with heart failure have a significant worsening in renal function?Which is TRUE of the RAAS pathway? angiotensin Il directly leads to vasoconstriction and stimulates aldosterone which promotes Na+ reabsorption at the cortical collecting duct ANP stimulates the RAAS pathway, while ADH/vasopressin inhibits the RAAS pathway increased plasma volume directly puts extra pressure on the afferent arteriole and indirectly increases pressure in the distal tubule, both of which lead to stimulation of renin release angiotensin Il promotes activation of the parasympathetic system which decreases GFR low plasma Na+ is sensed by the proximal tubule and triggers release of renin from JGA cellsDescribe the Angiotensinogen-Angiotensin I-Angiotensin II Mechanism? Include in your discussion the stimuli initiating the mechanism, glands/structures/hormones involved, the steps along the way, and exactly how this affects blood pressure.
- Hypertension is often a symptom of urinary system diseases and disorders. Explain why this is so.Which of the following is NOT an action of angiotensin II? Select one: a. Increases thirst b. Vasoconstriction of arterioles c. Decreases peripheral resistance d. Increases aldosterone secretion e. Increases ADH secretionexplain how/why diuretics that block ADH secretion would work to reduce blood pressure (ie, what ASPECT of blood pressure is affected, and how is it affected)
