Which type of defense celldo bacteria attract and causeto multiply during theinflammation process? What isthe name given to the wastematerial produced by theinflammation triggered bybacterial infection?
Q: Differentiate between the three lines of defense, describingexamples of each.
A: Immunity is defined as the balanced state of all multicellular organisms that are characterized by…
Q: Which Escherichia coli genes are activated and which arerepressed during the stringent response, and…
A: Bacteria are microorganism that most commonly occur in the soil, air, water and in adverse…
Q: List two different types of phagocytes. How do Tcells and B cells differ in their functions? From…
A: The immune system plays an important role in preventing and combating the diseases caused by…
Q: defense against bacteria and antigen presentation O ingest bacteria O activate other immune cells…
A: Platelets are tiny cells found in our blood and help in the formation of a blood clot and stopping…
Q: How can an organism thatonce underwent contact withan antigen be immunizedagainst future infections…
A: Immunization is a process that enables the immune system to get acquainted with the antigen. Once an…
Q: Explain the structure of protective system in detail with necessary diagram ?
A: The mechanism of protection involves placing a barrier between the pathogen and the susceptible part…
Q: Explain the nature of the diff erent types of innate, nonspecifi c defenses.
A: The immune system was evolved in the higher animals to provide defence from foreign substances which…
Q: What mechanism do Tc cells use to identify anddestroy infected cells in the body? How do Th cells…
A: Immune system protects the body against infection. Cells involved in immune functions are known as…
Q: Josie developed a poison ivy rash after a camping trip. Her doctor prescribed a cortisone ointment…
A: Contact with plants like poison ivy can result in an allergic reaction. During an allergic reaction,…
Q: In the disease mononucleosis (“mono”), the spleen enlargesbecause of increased numbers of phagocytes…
A: Mononucleosis : It is a viral disease . It is a common disease and generally it cause no symptoms in…
Q: Describe the complement system. Is the order ofprotein interactions important? Why or why…
A: Since its disclosure in the nineteenth century, the complement system has formed into a clinically…
Q: How can the immunememory lead to the efficacy ofvaccines and also produceallergies?
A: Immunity is defined as the ability of an organism to prevent the entry of harmful microbes in the…
Q: Macrophages perform the final job of removingtissue debris and other products of infection.Indicate…
A: Macrophages are large specialised cells which are important in immune system. They are formed in…
Q: Patients with a history of tuberculosis often show scars and otherlesions in the lungs and…
A: Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes a persistent lung infection called tuberculosis. It is often…
Q: High numbers of “good” bacteria are foundin the intestine and on the skin. The immune system needs…
A: All cells have distinguishing markers on their surfaces. A portion of the markers is made of…
Q: Someone bitten by a poisonous snake should be given someantivenom (antibodies) to prevent death. If…
A: A different form of immunity, referred to as passive immunity, results once an individual is given…
Q: Which of the following molecules has the most pro-inflammatory activity? TXA2 swer PGE2 ered PGI2
A: Prostaglandins are synthesized from arachidonic acid. Prostaglandin I2 (PGI2) or prostacyclin has…
Q: Why does vaccination provide long-lasting protectionagainst a disease, while gamma globulin (IgG)…
A: At the time of vaccination a weak form of pathogen is introduced into the body. In response of that…
Q: Macrophages perform the fi nal job of removing tissue debris and other products of infection.…
A: Macrophages are the cleaner of the immune system and perform various immune related functions in the…
Q: List the cell types involved in innate immunity and the functions ofeach.
A: Body's ability to counteract or fight with foreign organisms known as a pathogen. A person may…
Q: What are the functions ofthe spleen? Why is a totalsplenectomy (surgical removalof the spleen)…
A: The spleen is the largest organ in the lymphatic system. It is an important organ for keeping bodily…
Q: How could cyclosporine be used to treat autoimmune disease? be sure to explain you're reasoning
A: Answer- Cyclosporine works by weakening our immune system. White blood cells, part of our immune…
Q: s take place during an inflammatory reaction, and how do they contribute to pathogen destruction?
A: The immune system's main and significant system of the body efficiently protects the body from…
Q: What are the listthe host immune defenses that the microbe would have to overcome to be successful…
A: The first line of defense is broad and aims to keep microbes out of the body. The skin and mucous…
Q: An infant appears healthy until about 9 months of age, when he develops severe bacterial infections,…
A: Immune system:-Body's defense against infections-The immune system helps in fighting against germs…
Q: Why is the adaptive immune response to an initial infection slower thanthe innate response?
A: Natural immunity is called innate immunity that is present in all animals. It is the primary defense…
Q: Diverse reactive chemicals are created inside the phagosome to kill/inactivate phagocytized…
A: *phagosome means the vesicle that is formed around the microbe or the suspecious particle which was…
Q: Which is an example of chemotaxis? the attachment of phagocytes to a microorganism by binding to…
A: Introduction A reaction that takes place within an organism with the goal of protecting it from…
Q: _, concentration gradients of microbial substances and inflammatory In the process called mediators…
A: Diapedesis and inflammation are processes that are studied under the domain of immunology.…
Q: cella which would If an antigen piesenting ced is presenting antigens from an axtracellular…
A: HGHG
Q: Of which type of defensecell do viral infectionsstimulate the multiplication?
A: Viral infection causes stimulation of various specific and nonspecific types of immunity in the…
Q: It would be disastrous if a complement attack werenot confined to the surface of the pathogen that…
A: The complement system interacts with and boosts the immune system's antibodies and professional…
Q: Which of the following is an effect of opsonization? O Increased adherence of phagocytes to microbes…
A: Opsonization is the process of identifying the antigen cell and then targetting these antigens to…
Q: Identify physical and chemical barriers to pathogens. Howmight these barriers be compromised?
A: Physical and chemical barriers of the body prevent the entry of opportunistic pathogens into the…
Q: Lysozyme in tears and other secretions - particles by cilia in nasopharynx Mucus lining trachea Skin…
A: The pH scale indicates the acidity/basicity of water. The range is 0 to 14, with 7 acting as a…
Q: How does a cytotoxic T cell (or NKcell) avoid being killed by the perforinand granzymes that it…
A: A kind of immune cell which has the ability to kill specific cells, such as foreign cells, cancer…
Q: Differentiate innate defenses and acquired immunity. What arethe general characteristics of each?…
A: The immune system has a vital role in protecting the body from outside pathogens (bacteria, viruses,…
Q: Adjuvants are substances that slow but do not stop the release of anantigen from an injection site…
A: Introduction:- An adjuvant is an ingredient used in some vaccines that helps create a stronger…
Q: Compare and contrast the immunodeficiency observed in SCIDpatients to that of AIDS patients. What…
A: Immunodeficiency is a state in which the ability of the immune system to fight against the…
Q: What are the cellsresponsible for the productionof antibodies?
A: Antibodies are a specialized type of proteins that attach and bind with the body’s foreign invaders…
Q: Why is it necessary for immature T lymphocytes toundergo a two-step selection process through…
A: Immune system provides immunity or protection against foreign substances by involving specific…
Q: How does the response of the chemotaxis system to anattractant differ from its response to a…
A: The movement of the cell or bacterium in response to a chemical signal is known as chemotaxis. In…
Q: Which of these represents a chemical barrier against pathogens?
A: Answer: BARRIERS : These are the substances which acts as the inhibitors to the pathogens which…
Q: Antibodies bind to a foreign antigen, resulting in removal of that foreignantigen from the body.…
A: Answer: Introduction: Antibodies are glycoproteins produced by b cells in response to antigen as an…
Q: Visit this website (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/chemotaxis) to learn about phagocyte chemotaxis…
A: Chemotaxis is the phenomenon by which bacteria, and other single-cell or multicellular organisms…
Q: Describe the mechanism and clinical effects of each of thefour types of hypersensitivity reactions.
A: Hypersensitivity reactions are unusual and undesirable immune reactions toward normally harmless…
Q: Defi ne allergy and hypersensitivity and explain what accounts for the reactions that occur in these…
A: The physical substance of an organism constitutes its body. Human body respond in different ways in…
Q: What is the defensemechanism that begins towork when inflammation failsto stop an infection?
A: The initial non-specific response of the defense system was produced against infectious parasites,…
Which type of defense cell
do bacteria attract and cause
to multiply during the
inflammation process? What is
the name given to the waste
material produced by the
inflammation triggered by
bacterial infection?
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Solved in 2 steps
- It would be disastrous if a complement attack werenot confined to the surface of the pathogen that is the tar-get of the attack. Yet, the proteolytic cascade involved inthe attack liberates biologically active molecules at severalsteps: one that diffuses away and one that remains boundto the target surface. How does the complement reactionremain localized when active products leave the surface?High numbers of “good” bacteria are foundin the intestine and on the skin. The immune system needs to protect these areasfrom invading microbes, but cannot respond as strongly to the normal microflorawithout causing problems. What are somepossible ways that immune cells coulddistinguish “good” from “bad” bacteria?What mechanism do Tc cells use to identify anddestroy infected cells in the body? How do Th cells differfrom Tc cells, and how do the different subsets of Thcells differ from each other?
- Macrophages perform the final job of removingtissue debris and other products of infection.Indicate some of the possible effects when thesescavengers cannot successfully complete thework of phagocytosis.What is the defensemechanism that begins towork when inflammation failsto stop an infection?Cenvas quco O Mucous membranes are quite thin and fragile. How can such delicate tissue provide defense against microbial invaders? O The mucus secreted by the mucous membrane physically traps microbes. O Both the mucus and the outer layer of cells are shed frequently. O The mucus is a physical trap that contains a variety of antimicrobial chemicals. O The mucus physically traps microbes, contains a variety of antimicrobial chemicals, and is shed constantly, along with the outermost layer of cells. Question 6 A major outcome in response to the is the production of O complement cascade activation; a MAC in which a hole is built in the cell wall. O adaptive immune system; dendritic cells. O innate immune system; antibodies. O NOD activation; complement system.
- A patient develops a blood infection with a capsule-producing strain of E. coli. Phagocytosis by macrophage will be essential to destroy the bacteria and resolve the infection. Which of the following will be dirertly required to allow ADCC-opsonization of the encapsulated E. coli: O Toll-like receptor (TLR)-induced secretion of tumor necrosis factor alpha O Release of C3a to the extracellular fluids O Presence of MHC II on the surface of the macrophage O Presence of IgG receptors (Fc-gamma-R) on the macrophage All of the answers applyAdjuvants are substances that slow but do not stop the release of anantigen from an injection site into the blood. Suppose injection A isgiven without an adjuvant and injection B of the same amount ofantigen is given with an adjuvant that causes antigen to be releasedover a period of 2–3 weeks. Does injection A or injection B result inthe greater amount of antibody production? Explain.Macrophages perform the fi nal job of removing tissue debris and other products of infection. Indicate some of the possible effects when these scavengers cannot successfully complete the work of phagocytosis.
- List two different types of phagocytes. How do Tcells and B cells differ in their functions? From where inthe human body do all of these cells originate and whichrequire maturation before they are functional?Why is the application of ice a useful therapy for inflammation?Why are hemolysins a virulence factor, ie what advantage does it give to a pathogen?