Q: What is copy-number variation? How does it arise?
A: It has been analysed that there is an unexpected variability in the individual human genomes. This…
Q: What are the differences and similarities among the three classes of monoallelic gene expression?
A: The phenomenon of the expression of one allele of a gene is called monoallelic expression. The…
Q: A silent mutation and a missense mutation can both result from
A: Transition mutation refers to a point mutation that changes a purine nucleotide to another purine (A…
Q: Why is the repression of genes by DNA methylation long-term?
A: Genetics is a branch of science that deals in the study of genes, heredity, and genetic variation of…
Q: Why is the term “crossing-over” appropriate for the exchange of DNA segments between homologous…
A: Crossing over can be defined as the exchange of genetic material that occurs between the non-sister…
Q: What three molecular mechanisms alter chromatin structure and are responsible for many epigenetic…
A: Step 1- A gene is the essential physical and useful unit of heredity. Genes are comprised of DNA…
Q: Why are diseases due to microsatellite amplification, even though they have a monogenic pattern of…
A: The classical inheritance is the type of inheritance pattern in which mendelian laws are followed…
Q: Which step of the Central Dogma is responsible for transmission of genetic information from…
A: The central dogma is a process through which the information present in the DNA is converted into…
Q: Why is only one strand transcribed, and is the same strand of DNAalways transcribed?
A: DNA (Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid) is the genetic material in all the prokaryotes are eukaryotes. DNA is…
Q: In McCune-Albright syndrome, fibrous connective tissue replaces bone, tan patches (café-au-lait…
A: A mutation is considered a change in the DNA sequence, which can be either an addition or deletion…
Q: Name four mobile genetic elements.
A: Genetic materials that can move around within a genome are referred to as "mobile genetic elements."…
Q: What is DNA methylation? When we say that DNA methylation is heritable, what do we mean? How is it…
A: Genetics is a branch of science that deals in the study of genes, heredity, and genetic variation of…
Q: “In an organism that reproduces asexually, there is no difference between a somatic cell mutation…
A: Somatic mutations These refers to the mutations in a single body cell, which cannot be inherited.…
Q: Eukaryotic genomes have many copies of genes H1, H2A, H2B, and H3, but some copies have accumulated…
A: This question is based on mutations and genome.
Q: A homeotic mutation is one in which?
A: Any group of genes that control the pattern of body formation during the early embryonic development…
Q: What is the underlying genetic defect that causes xeroderma pigmentosum?How can the symptoms of this…
A: Xeroderma pigmentosum condition is a result of specific mutations in the DNA and it is the autosomal…
Q: What type of epigenetic change is responsible for genomic imprinting?
A: Epigenetic refers to the patterns of inheritance that involve the alterations in characteristics…
Q: Which are the events causing loss-of-heterozygosity in somatic cells of RB+/RB− individuals?
A: The DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is the genetic material that is inherited by the progeny from the…
Q: Explain the difference between a gain-of-functionmutation and a dominant-negative mutation. Why…
A: A mutation is referred to as a change in an organism's DNA sequence. Mutations can occur as a result…
Q: Cape parrots are found in forests in South Africa. In a study of Cape parrot genetics, biologists…
A: Given,29 pair of chromosomes in a cape parrot somatic cell.
Q: What does it mean for a mutation to be allelic?
A: Mutation is the alteration in the nucleotide sequence of the genome of an organism. It takes place…
Q: What mutagen causes thymine dimers, and why does it kill cells?
A: A mutation occurs/happens when the sequence/structure of DNA changes. Mutations can occur/happens as…
Q: How does adding a methyl or acetyl group to a histone protein alter gene activity?
A: Histones are proteins, found in eukaryotic nuclei that order DNA into a shape. The histone molecules…
Q: In X-chromosome inactivation, when is the choice made as to which X chromosome is inactivated? Does…
A: Females have two copies of the X chromosome, producing a double dose of X-linked genes. The…
Q: Patients with Down syndrome have three copies of chromosome 21, resulting in characteristics like a…
A: Mutation will causes changes in the genetic composition of an organism. In case of aneuploidy the…
Q: Is Down syndrome a mutation?
A: The genetics is the branch of biology that deals with the study of genes, genetic variation and…
Q: This is a diagram of chromosome 17. What is the cytogenetic coordinates of a gene at the indicated…
A: Here, Cytogenetic coordinate of a gene means the position of a gene on a chromosome. A chromosome…
Q: Which of the following are epigenetic marks?a. Methylated basic amino acids in histone tailsb.…
A: Any changes in the DNA or its related components which effectively alter the gene expression, tunes…
Q: . What is DNA methylation? When we say that DNA methylation is heritable, what do we mean? How is it…
A: Gene regulation is the process through which the cells control the expression of genes. This is…
Q: What mutagen results to the formation of thymine dimers?
A: Asked : Mutagen which results to the formation of thymine dimers
Q: How do germ-line mutations differ from somatic mutations? Germ-line mutations are reversible, while…
A: Mutations are the random changes in the genome of organisms.
Q: Why do some chromosomes display a higher incidence of amplification/deletion compared to others?
A: When the nucleotides sequences in the genome of an organism are altered or changed due to mistakes…
Q: What are Somatic mutations ?
A: Answer- Mutation is any genetic change in the sequence of the DNA that may lead into abnormality in…
Q: Null mutations are valuable genetic resources becausethey allow a researcher to determine what…
A: Null mutation is a type of mutation in which a copy of gene becomes non-functional. This type of…
Q: why would a mutation complex 1 usually not result in immediate death ? And while blocking complex IV…
A: Electron transport chain is responsible for the oxidation of NADH and FADH2 which results in the…
Q: Assuming that 32 million histone octamers arerequired to package the human genome, how many his-tone…
A: Introduction :- Chromosome proteins are a type of protein. Histones bind to DNA, aid in the…
Q: Why in humans, most new mutations found in the progeny come from the sperm ratherthan from the egg?
A: Mutations are hereditary because they are passed down to an offspring from a parent carrying a…
Q: What is the effect of acetylation of a lysine residue on the charge of a histone protein? Of lysine…
A: DNA methylation and lysine modifications comprise major epigenetic processes on chromatin, which…
Q: Consider the expression “central dogma,” which refers to the flow of genetic information from DNA to…
A: The transfer of genetic data in cells from DNA to messenger RNA (mRNA) to protein is described by…
Q: Why are mutations in the INK4 locus so dangerous?
A: INK4 is a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor family (CKIs). Inhibitors of CDK4 and CDK6 are…
Q: Which class of mutation, missense or nonsense, is morecommon, and why?
A: Nonsense Mutation when there occurs deletion or insertion of single nucleotide base in the gene then…
Q: How do we know that the mutant Bar-eye phenotype in Drosophila is due to a duplicated gene region…
A: The DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) consists of a specific nucleotide sequence that codes for phenotypic…
Q: If transmission of genetic information from cell to cell is normally achieved by copying the…
A: Introduction: Nucleic acids are one of the major molecules comprised of a nitrogenous base, a sugar…
Q: What are three similarities and three differences between Germline mutations and Somatic mutations?
A: A mutation refers to the alteration in the sequence of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). It can be a…
Q: Why Most Genes in HeterochromatinRegions Are Silenced?
A: Chromatin is the DNA packed with its packaging proteins.
Why would a mutation in a somatic cell of a multicellular organism
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- A mutation creates a dominant negative allele of a particular gene. The gene encodes a protein that forms a trimer within the cell. If one or more of the subunits has the mutant structure, the entire trimeric protein is inactive. In a heterozygous cell, if the proteins of both alleles are present at the same levels, what percent of the trimers present in the cell will be active? A) 100% B) 5% C) 50% D) 33% E) 5%“In an organism that reproduces asexually, there is no difference between a somatic cell mutation and a germ line mutation.” Is this statement true? Explain.The oncogenic protein BETA promotes entry into the S phase of the cell cycle. Phosphorylation of BETA at the amino acid Tyr98 causes BETA to be degraded by the proteasome, thus limiting its abundance. A mutation in the codon encoding Tyr98 changes this residue to Cys, which cannot be phosphorylated. What is the best description of this mutant allele?a) antimorphb) hypermorphc) hypomorphd) amorphe) neomorph
- Cystic fibrosis is a disease that occurs when an individual carries two copies of a recessive version of a membrane transport gene. A person that is a carrier for cystic fibrosis (that means they carry one copy of the gene that causes cystic fibrosis but their other copy is normal - they do not have cystic fibrosis) has a child with another person that is also a carrier for cystic fibrosis. What is the probability that this couple has three children that do not have cystic fibrosis AND are also not carriers of cystic fibrosis? 0.25 0.422 0.016 2.25 0.75A yeast strain with a mutant spo11- allele has been isolated. The mutant allele is nonfunctional; it makes no spo11 protein. What do you suppose is the phenotype of this mutant strain?A hereditary disease is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. The wild-type allele of the disease gene produces a mature mRNA that is 1250 nucleotides (nt) long. Molecular analysis shows that the mature mRNA consists of four exons that measure 400 nt (exon 1), 320 nt (exon 2), 230 nt (exon 3), and 300 nt (exon 4). A mother and father with two healthy children and two children with the disease have northern blot analysis performed. The results of the northern blot for each family member are shown below. a) Identify the genotype of each family member, using the size of mRNAs to indicate each allele. (For example, a person who is homozygous wild type is 1250/1250). b) Based on your analysis, what is the most likely molecular abnormality causing the disease allele?
- In McCune-Albright syndrome, fibrous connective tissue replaces bone, tan patches (café-au-lait spots) dot the skin, and hormone abnormalities cause early puberty and malfunction of the thyroid, pituitary, and adrenal glands. The phenotype is highly variable, and all patients are somatic mosaics for the mutation, which is in the gene GNAS1. Why is the condition seen only in mosaics?Shown below is a karyotype from a human being. How many total autosomes does this individual have? A) 2 B) 44 C) 46 D) 23The phenotype of a heterozygous mouse (Aa) is agouti. The agouti banding pattern is due to altered expression of the agouti gene. Which of the following statement is false? a) Expression of the agouti gene inhibits the production of eumelanin. b) Evidence suggests that the agouti gene is only expressed in tissues associated with fur production. c) Epigenetic markers silence the agouti gene resulting in dark pigmentation at the tip and root of the hair. d) All of the above
- An individual has a deletion of part of the short arm of chromosome 5. This individual also has a normal copy of chromosome 5. Would you expect this individual to have Cri-du-chat syndrome? Why or why not? Question 7 options: A) Yes, because they will inactivate their normal chromosome 5 B) Yes, because they only contain one copy of some of their genes C) No, because this is a terminal deficiency D) No, because they still have at least one copy of all the genes on chromosome 5Suppose that you are studying the role of Protein B, which you believe plays a role in regulating PCD/Apoptosis in mice. You create two lines of mutant mice. One (bb) is homozygous for a loss-of-function allele of gene B. The other (Bb) is heterozygous, with one wild-type allele and one loss-of function allele. Initially you pay particular attention to two phenotypes of the resulting mice:(i) The morphology of their paws (see picture)(ii) The size of their brains & shape of their skulls. The bb mice have unusually large brains and unusual protrusions from their skulls. Suggest one other aspect of mouse morphology or physiology that you might expect to be altered in the absence of Protein B. Briefly explain your reasoning. Also, based on the apparent effect of Protein B on the likelihood of PCD/Apoptosis, would you classify Protein B as the product of a proto-oncogene or of a tumor suppressor gene?The dominant condition elliptocytosis causes red blood cells to become misshapen into oval-shaped cells. One of the genes responsible for the abnormal shape encodes the band 4.1 protein that together with ankyrin and other scaffold proteins creates and maintains the spherical concave shape of a normal red blood cell. The gene for band 4.1 protein, EPB41, is found on the p arm of chromosome 1. This is very close to the gene encoding the red blood cell Rhesus (Rh) blood type, either phenotype + (dominant) or - (recessive), with a recombination frequency of 2%. This means that 98% of the time alleles for these two genes are linked and are transmitted together. Diane and Jack are siblings, and both have elliptocytosis and Rh+ blood type. Due to the elliptocytosis, both had emergency splenectomies after having severe anemia. Their younger brother, Devonté, has not yet shown signs of elliptocytosis, but has Rh- blood. André, their dad, also has elliptocytosis and Rh+ blood; while their…