xplain the following Sweat glands in the armpits secrete perspiration with a pH close to neutral (7.0). How does this fact help explain body odor in this area as compared to other parts of the skin? Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) preferentially destroys CD4+ cells. Specifically, what effect does this have on antibody and cell-mediated immunity? How does a phagocyte “know” it is in contact with a pathogen instead of another body cell?

xplain the following Sweat glands in the armpits secrete perspiration with a pH close to neutral (7.0). How does this fact help explain body odor in this area as compared to other parts of the skin? Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) preferentially destroys CD4+ cells. Specifically, what effect does this have on antibody and cell-mediated immunity? How does a phagocyte “know” it is in contact with a pathogen instead of another body cell?

Human Physiology: From Cells to Systems (MindTap Course List)

9th Edition

ISBN:9781285866932

Author:Lauralee Sherwood

Publisher:Lauralee Sherwood

Chapter12: Body Defenses

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 14RE

See similar textbooks

Similar questions

Mannose binding lectins (MBL) and ficolins are the two classes of proteins that can initiate the lectin pathway of complement activation. These proteins are selective for activating complement on the surfaces of microbial pathogens rather than host cells because: Their higher-order oligomeric structure can be assembled only after the monomers first bind to pathogen membranes. They only recruit MASP (MBL-associated serine proteases) proteins when bound to pathogen surfaces and not when bound to host cells. They only undergo the conformational change needed to activate MASP proteins when bound to a pathogen and not when bound to a host cell. They only bind to carbohydrate side chains and oligosaccharide modifications found on pathogen surfaces but not on host cell membranes. The activated MASP proteins are rapidly inactivated by hydrolysis when present on the surface of a host cell.
How many types of “foreign molecules” (use the proper term where needed) does each cell recognize? On the pathogen side – what molecules will be recognized by these immune cells? (no need for specific names, just a few examples of pathogen molecules that will trigger an immune response) Bloodwork indicates that a patient who has pneumonia is actively secreting different forms of antibody against Streptococcus pneumoniae. Explain how the patient can respond to this pathogen by secreting more than one antibody.
Different hypersensitive responses can result from a bee sting. What type of hypersensitivity could account for each of the following reactions? Explain the mechanism in each case. After an insect sting, an individual experiences swelling and redness at the sting location within 1-2 minutes but this disappears within hour. an (ii) About 8 hours later, the same person experiences swelling and redness at the sting location. This persists for 4 hours.
4) A patient has their spleen removed due to an accident. How will this affect the immune response? 5) You come in contact with staphylococci through a cut. What cellular features will the immune cells recognize? 6) Name two opsonins and how do these molecules help the immune response? 7) Fever is part of the inflammatory process. What is the role of fever during an immune response? 8) This chemical is used to induce anti-viral responses in cells to protect the cells from viral infections. 9) This complement activation pathway is activated when complement binds to an antibody bound to antigens.
Which of the following is not true about the complementsystem?(a) It is a set of more than 20 proteins that play a key rolein host defense by specifically acting in different waystoward different microorganisms.(b) Its general functions include enhancing phagocytosis byphagocytes, lysing microbes and enveloped viruses directly, and generating peptide fragments that regulateinflammation and immune responses.(c) It is a fast-acting innate host defense that works in a cascade.(d) There are three pathways classical, lectin, and alternative.(e) The effects of each activation pathways are the same.
Clinical Application: Immune System and Autoimmunity Disease Lymphocytes may be involved in two major types of responses to the presence of potentially threatening foreign substances. In anti- body-mediated immunity, B lymphocytes may produce antibodies that react with specific antigens on an invading cell or molecule. In cell-mediated immunity, T lymphocytes secrete lymphokines that signal other immune responses and often destroy antigen- containing cells directly. The antibody-antigen reactions associated with immune responses have been used by clinical biologists for years. Several examples are given. Think about each example and answer the questions. 1. Biologists often use antibodies to test for the presence of certain antigens in a particular substance. In Lab Exercise 33- Hormones and Lab Exercise 34-Blood, you witnessed demon- strations of this technique. For each antigen listed, indicate the substance tested (e.g., blood, urine) and give a brief summary of the…
The formation of the C3 convertase is a key step in complement activation that occurs in all three complement pathways. This enzyme cleaves C3 in blood plasma, leading to a conformational change in the C3b fragment that exposes its reactive thioester group. The activated C3b is potentially harmful to the host, if it becomes covalently attached to a host cell, rather than to the surface of a pathogen. This deleterious outcome is largely avoided by: The inability of active C3b to diffuse away in the blood plasma. The inability of active C3b to covalently attach to the membranes of eukaryotic cells. The rapid hydrolysis of active C3b in solution, rendering it inactive. The tight binding of active C3b to the C3 convertase. The ability of active C3b to recruit phagocytic cells.
Describe in chronological order the steps involved in the recruitment of neutrophils to infected tissue sites during an innate immune response. Use the following terms in your description: rolling adhesion, tight binding, extravasation, migration, inflammatory mediators, integrins, adhesion molecules, chemokines, selectins, sialyl-Lewisx, and basement membrane proteases.
Explain the effect of the following changes in the structure of the immunoglobulin G and its function of binding to and neutralizing/ tagging pathogens - Increased production of metabolites in the blood that reduces its pH to < 6.
Which of the following is true about complement? Check all that apply. Three pathways of complement, where classical and alternative, are activated by antibodies and lectin by spontaneous hydrolysis of C3 Complement pathways are activated in response to infections and involved in opsonization, phagocytosis and lysis of microbes The"b" subunit of complement such as C3b or C5b is deposited on the microbes, whereas the "a" subunit, C3a or C5a recruits phagocytic cells to the site of infection and promotes inflammation Alternative pathway is activated immediately due to presence of C3b because of spontaneous hydrolysis of C3, whereas classical pathways in several days after secretion of pathogen-specific antibodies Seven complement(C) proteins are made by liver and C5 is found in abundance
An injection contains 5 million international units (MIU) of interferon alpha-n3 (ALFERON N) proteins per milliliter. The recommended dose is 0.05 mL. The literature states that the activity of interferon alpha-n3 is approximately equal to 2.6 × 108international units/mg of protein. Calculate (a) the number of international units and (b) the micrograms of interferon alfa-n3 proteins administered per dose.
Opsonization of pathogens by both antibodies and complement proteins (C3b) leads to uptake and destruction of the pathogen by phagocytic cells that express both Fc receptors and complement receptors. Which of the following in the figure below is the most efficient form of dual opsonization of the pathogen by antibody and C3b to maximize phagocytosis?