BIOLOGY -TEXT
14th Edition
ISBN: 9781260710878
Author: Mader
Publisher: RENT MCG
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Bacteria exposed to viruses incorporate sections of the virus’s DNA into the CRISPR array sequences in their genome. This mechanism allows bacteria to fight off the viruses, like an immune response: the information in CRISPR spacers served as “coordinates” for recognizing and cutting up invading DNA sequences. Describe what might happen under the conditions described after a bacteriophage infects a bacterial cell and releases its DNA into the bacterial cell.
Explain why:
1. The invading phage DNA is recognized by the Cas proteins but not inserted into the CRISPR array region of the bacterial genome: The bacteria will be unable to elicit an immune response and will succumb to the phase infection
2. The cas genes on the bacterial genome contains a missense mutation that increases its cleavage/cut activityThe bacteria will elicit an immune response that will successfully fight the phage infection
A graduate student isolates two new retroviruses: Virus A and Virus B. To determine whether these viruses could cause cancer, the student infected human cells with each of the viruses and then transfered the
infected cells to nude mice to see if the viruses would cause formation of tumors. The student was able to determine by PCR that both viruses are integrated into the genome of the host cells before transplanting
cell in mice. The data for this assay are shown in the figure below. Explain how the mechanism of transduction may be different for these two viruses to yield the observed data (limit 4-5 sentences).
Retrovirus Transformation Assay
% Cells Cause Tumors
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0
10
-Virus A
-Virus B
30
20
Days Post Infection
40
The success of HAART (highly active antiretrovial therapy) against HIV is based on the idea that the probability of having an HIV virion that can simultaneously resist multiple anti-HIV drugs is very low. You were asked to investigate whether the same principle can be applied to another RNA virus, called Virus X. This is what you know about Virus X. (1) For a given antiviral drug, approximately 1 in 1,000 virions may carry a mutation that confers resistance against the said drug. (2) Roughly a total of 1010 virions can be found in an individual infected with Virus X. Assuming that all the drugs work independently of each other (i.e., mutations that allow resistance to one drug have no effect on the resistance to the other drugs), then minimally how many drugs are needed for this treatment regimen to work?
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- The new Covid19 vaccine produced by two companies (Pfizer, Moderna) uses mRNA coding for part of the spike protein of the virus. The virus uses the spike protein to invade human cells where it replicates. Is it surprising that the mRNA must be stabilized with chemicals that need ultra-cold or frozen storage to protect the mRNA from degradation before it causes human muscle cells to make the spike protein? Some Covid 19 vaccines in development use the adenovirus, a common vector used in gene therapies, to inject the mRNa for the spike protein into human muscle cells. Why might vaccines using a virus vector be more likely to need only refrigeration and not deep-cold storage, given what you know about viruses? Some older vaccines used a weakened strain of the pathogenic virus in the injection in the hope that the weakened virus would induce an immune response without causing disease. The virus vectors used in genetic engineering have all the harmful virus genes cut out and replaced with…arrow_forwardWhy not just inject the double-stranded cDNA that codes for the spike protein of the virus? What additional step or steps would you need to use to get the human muscle cells to produce the spike protein if the cDNA was injected to serve as the virus? The new Covid19 vaccine produced by two companies (Pfizer, Moderna) uses mRNA coding for part of the spike protein of the virus. The virus uses the spike protein to invade human cells where it replicates. Is it surprising that the mRNA must be stabilized with chemicals that need ultra-cold or frozen storage to protect the mRNA from degradation before it causes human muscle cells to make the spike protein?arrow_forwardEpidemiologists at the CDC in Atlanta, GA, have called you in to investigate an increased incidence of leukemia in a remote region of Africa. Shortly after you arrive, an RNA virus was isolated from patients and found to induce leukemia in mice. At this point, you don't know the viral gene product or the mechanism that causes development of leukemia. One of your lab assistants has isolated a variant of the virus that is missing 20% of the genome of the original virus and does not induce leukemia in mice. a) How would you determine which portion of the genome is associated with the development of leukemia? b) How would you determine the viral product or mechanism associated with the development of leukemia?arrow_forward
- 2) Transgenic animal refers to an organism whose genome has been altered by the transfer of a gene or genes from another species or breed. Cows, pigs and goats had been modified especially for pharmaceutical purposes. Explain three (3) most used transfection technology for the creation of transgenic animals.arrow_forwardOne of the reasons why phage therapy has not been applied widely is that bacteria can become resistant to bacteriophages as well, through mutations in genes encoding for specific proteins. What would be a protein in the bacterial cell that, if mutated, would make that cell resistant to phage infection?arrow_forwardIn recombinant DNA technology, vectors are used to transfer a gene of interest in the host cells. Mention any three features of vectors that are most suitable for this purpose.arrow_forward
- There is a new virus named HANDF that is infecting Cows in the USA. This is a novel virus and the only thing you know it is infecting Cows. You can have access to viruses from dead Cows. In a series of discrete steps describe how you would sequence all of the protein-coding genes of the virus. USE SANGER METHOD. DO NOT USE CHATGPT OR ANY AI, PLEASE PLEASE I NEED TO LEARN FROM YOUR SOLUTIONarrow_forward15) Why are viruses an ideal candidate for gene delivery in gene therapy? a) What are TWO limitations of viruses as gene delivery vectors in gene therapy?arrow_forwardThe idea behind PCR-based diagnostics is that a very small number of microbial genomes in a patient sample can be multiplied by PCR and more easily detected by the clinical team managing the patient’s care. Also, genetic-based diagnostics are very useful for viral infections because we don’t have biochemical tests, etc. to distinguish one virus from another (remember, viruses are metabolically inactive). However, a lot of work goes into the development of these tests. For instance, PCR requires primers that are complementary to the viral genome that is being copied. If primers are complementary to the target genome, what must scientists know to design primers that bind to the viral genome to be copied? (I mean this to be a general question; don’t look up the details of designing primers)arrow_forward
- Define the following terms:a. satellite DNAb. transpositionc. transposond. retrotransposone. endogenous retrovirusarrow_forwardThere is a new virus named HANDF that is infecting Cows in the USA. This is a novel virus and the only thing you know it is infecting Cows. You can have access to viruses from dead Cows. In a series of discrete steps describe how you would sequence all of the protein-coding genes of the virus. DO NOT USE CHATGPT OR ANY AI, PLEASE PLEASE I NEED TO LEARN FROM YOUR SOLUTIONarrow_forwardIt has been shown that infectious agents such as viruses often exert a dramatic effect on their host cell’s genome architecture. In many cases, viruses induce methylation of host DNA sequences in order to enhance their infectivity. What specific host gene functions would you consider as strong candidates for such methylation by infecting viruses?arrow_forward
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