Biology
5th Edition
ISBN: 9781260487947
Author: BROOKER
Publisher: MCG
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Chapter 51.1, Problem 1EQ
CoreSKILL » How did Paland and Lynch test the hypothesis that sexual reproduction reduced the frequency of deleterious mutations in a population?
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When an Avidian (with a genome size of 50 sites) reproduces with a 10% per site mutation rate, and if the number of mutations per genome is Poisson distributed, then what is the most likely outcome?
Possible answers: 4 per genome is most likely, 5 per genome is most likely, 4 mutations per genome and 5 mutations per genome are equally likely, A number other than 4 and/or 5 mutations per genome is most likely
Consider the following estimates:(a) There are 7 x 109 humans living on this planet.(b) Each individual has about 20,000 (0.2 * 105) genes.(c) The average mutation rate at each locus is 10-5.How many spontaneous mutations are currently present inthe human population? Assuming that these mutations areequally distributed among all genes, how many new mutationshave arisen in each gene in the human population?
Payne, B. A. et al. (2013) present evidence that a low level of heteroplasmic mtDNA exists in all tested healthy individuals. (a) What are two likely sources of such heteroplasmy? (b) What genetic conditions within a given mitochondrion are likely to contribute to such a variable pool of mitochondria?
Chapter 51 Solutions
Biology
Ch. 51.1 - CoreSKILL How did Paland and Lynch test the...Ch. 51.1 - CoreSKILL Approximately how many times more often...Ch. 51.1 - Prob. 3EQCh. 51.3 - Prob. 1CSCh. 51.4 - Prob. 1CSCh. 51.4 - Prob. 2CSCh. 51.4 - Prob. 1CCCh. 51 - Prob. 1TYCh. 51 - Which is considered an advantage of sexual...Ch. 51 - Prob. 3TY
Ch. 51 - Prob. 4TYCh. 51 - Prob. 5TYCh. 51 - Prob. 6TYCh. 51 - A major function of FSH is to a. stimulate the...Ch. 51 - During the human ovarian cycle, ovulation is...Ch. 51 - Prob. 9TYCh. 51 - Prob. 10TYCh. 51 - Prob. 1CQCh. 51 - Prob. 2CQCh. 51 - Prob. 3CQCh. 51 - Prob. 1COQCh. 51 - Describe the events of the ovarian and uterine...
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- 1a) In a very large population, if the forward and reverse mutation rates are exactly the same, how would you expect the frequency of an original, non-mutated allele to change in the population over time? Will the population eventually achieve an equilibrium value of the frequency of the non-mutated allele? b) What if the forward mutation rate is one order of magnitude larger (e. 10X) than the reverse mutation rate? Do you expect the frequency of the original, non-mutated allele to increase, decrease, or stay the same over time? c) If the population size is considerably smaller, does this change your expectations for changes in the frequency of the original, non-mutated allele over several generations?arrow_forwardWyckoff et al. (2000. Nature 403:304-309) have proposed that some human male reproductive-associated genes have evolved by natural selection and not by neutral evolution. Part of the DNA sequence results of their study is shown below. Which gene(s) did seem to evolve by natural selection? Note: dn = number of substitutions per non-synonymous (replacement) sites and ds = number of substitutions per synonymous (silent) sites. dn ds Acrosin-Trypsin 0.138 0.064 Protamine 1 0.133 0.046 SRY 0.055 0.090 Histone H1 (testicular) 0.055…arrow_forwardDo all of them True/False 31) The process by which an electrical charge is used to introduce DNA into a cell to produce a transgenic organism is called electroporation.Answer: 32) Reproductive cloning is used to produce large amounts of mammalian proteins from transgenic agricultural animals such as cattle.Answer: 33) In gene addition, homologous recombination is used to remove the original gene and replace it with the cloned gene.Answer: 34) All stem cells have the potential to differentiateAnswer: 35) A bone marrow transplant involves the transfer of multipotent stem cellsAnswer: 36) The fact that in mammalian systems multiple genes may compensate for the loss of a gene is called gene redundancy.Answer:arrow_forward
- How did Spiegelman et al.' s experiments in 1967 & 1970 on the origins of natural selection provide evidence for natural selection in an RNA-based world? A) The starting RNA strand was originally ~4,000 nucleotides; after several serial transfers it was reduced to ~200 nucleotides as a result of faster replication of shorter sequences being advantageous and selected for. B) The starting RNA strand was originally ~4,000; after several serial transfers and the introduction of additional RNA molecules it increased to ~20,000 nucleotides as a result of hybridization with the longer RNA molecules having outcompeted shorter RNA strands. C) The RNA remained at approximately is original sequence of ~4,000 nucleotides, demonstrating fitness in a stable environment. D) These experiments did not demonstrate natural selection.arrow_forwardA recent study examining the mutation rates of 5669 mammalian genes (17,208 sequences) indicates that, contrary to popular belief, mutation rates among lineages with vastly different generation lengths and physiological attributes are remarkably constant [Kumar, S., and Subramanian, S. (2002). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99:803–808]. The average rate is estimated at 12.2 * 10-9 per bp per year. What is the significance of this finding in terms of mammalian evolution?arrow_forward1. a) How does this experiment demonstrate the definition of evolution? b) Fitness of organisms is a function of the environment (that is, organisms best fit to the local environmental conditions leave more surviving offspring). How does this experiment demonstrate this fact?arrow_forward
- Please answer fast Which of the following defines DNA barcoding? (more than one answer may be correct). Please explain your answer(s). A) uses the DNA sequence of a specific fragment of DNA to identify species B) uses microsatellite allele frequences to estimate Ne C) uses whole genome sequences to identify markers under selection D) uses SNPs and a PCA to display population-level relationships E) uses SNPs and a PCA to display individual-level relationshipsarrow_forwardWhat is genetic flow? A) Genes changing due to mutation B) Random loss of genes in a small population C) Movement of genes between different populationsarrow_forwardMAKE CONNECTIONS In Concept 20.2, you learnedabout genome-wide association studies. Explain howthese studies use the systems biology approach.arrow_forward
- In evolutionary terms, an organism's fitness is measured by its 1. a) population rate changes due to environmental pressures 2. b) contribution to the gene pool of the next generation 3. c) rate of genetic variability across mitotically changing exons 4. d) mutation rate due to genetic drift 5. e) all of the abovearrow_forwardSearch for actual mutations that happened to the E. coli bacteria (prokaryotic cells) and where the mutation happened and in which gene. Is the mutated trait recessive or dominant? lastly describe how harmful, or beneficial those mutations were?arrow_forwardIn the replica plate experiment, it shows that mutations are random. However, certain environmental stresses (such as high temperature, high salt, and low pH) can increase the mutation rate. QUESTIONS: Does increasing the mutation rate increase the probability that a cell will experience an adaptive mutation?arrow_forward
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