The Development of the ‘Stream-of-Consciousness’ Technique in Modernist English Fiction (with Special Reference to the Contributions of James Joyce and Virginia Woolf)
Arpan Adhikary
The term ‘stream of consciousness’ as applied in literary criticism to designate a particular mode of prose narrative was first coined by philosopher William James in his book Principles of Psychology (1890) to describe the uninterrupted flow of perceptions, memories and thoughts in active human psyche. As a literary term, however, it denotes a certain narrative technique used in novels in which the narrator records in minute but somewhat abstract way whatever passes through his or her conscious mind. The socalled ‘stream of consciousness’ in a work of
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The style is highly allusive and Joyce deliberately confuses the narrative by making a pastiche of the styles of several genres together while presenting the flows of the continuous thoughts of the principal characters. Here for the first time Joyce also employed the ‘interior monologue’ which is deemed to be the purest form of the ‘stream-of-consciousness’ mode. In Joyce’s third and last novel Finnegans Wake (1939) the complexity of the ‘stream-of-consciousness’ technique reaches its heights necessitating the text’s being one of the least read ones in any language. In this novel Joyce used around forty languages other than English and presented an awkwardly extensive range of literary, mythical, political and historical allusions while narrating the one-night dream sequence of the protagonist, a Dublin tavern-keeper named Humphrey Chimpden Earwicker. Apart from Joyce, Virginia Woolf also made remarkable contribution to the development of the ‘stream-of-consciousness’ mode in the modernist English fiction. In Mrs. Dalloway (1925) Woolf presents the diverse mental recourses of Clarissa Dalloway within the span of one single day, and in the interior monologue of Mrs. Dalloway the narrative breaks with the realistic mode in order to suit the inner reality of the narrator’s psyche which is different from the external reality by which she is surrounded. Similar intellectual cogency and finer technical
So, the stream of consciousness is a narrative technique which has been developed by so many writers, essayist, and novelists, but the most well known is that Virginia Woolf is considered as the forerunner of this style of writing and that what was affirmed by Maria T(2005) when she said: Influenced by the works of French writer Marcel Proust and Irish writer James Joyce, among others, Woolf strove to create a literary form that would convey inner life. To this end, she elaborated a technique known as Stream of
The stream of consciousness is a continuous flow of sequenced ideas formed by the mind. This method, referred to as the stream of consciousness, can be extremely useful to those who love to create stories or any form of writing for that matter. Many people who’ve encountered writers block will use the stream of consciousness as a way of getting out of the slump they’ve been in. I have also used this method before when attempting to write a story. Occasionally, when looking over my stories, I would realize many connections that originally went unnoticed. This relates to the process used in “A Way of Writing” because they both are an endless surge of ideas that will sometimes link
Stream of consciousness is a type of narrative that traces the thoughts and feelings of a character. It is a collection of myriad impressions that influence the flow of thoughts. It is a representation of the continuous movement in the mind of an individual. It approximates the flow of thoughts and sensory impressions that pass the mind each instant. This kind of narrative is often fragmented. There may be a lack of proper organization of ideas as thoughts do not necessarily flow in a particular order. The interior mental and emotional state is emphasized on, rather than the outside world. A stream of consciousness novel may use a technique called ‘interior monologue.’ The character’s thoughts are presented directly and may be restricted to
Stream of Consciousness was a relatively new style of writing for modernists. The term was first used by philosopher William James in his book Principles of Psychology. James saw the stream of consciousness as an unending parade of thoughts, feelings, images, ideas, sensations, conceptions, emotions, etc. that appear before our conscious awareness and then pass away. Virginia Woolf used a specific form of the stream of consciousness technique called indirect interior monologue. Indirect interior monologue is when an omniscient author
It is something everyone does, continuously, in everything we do; a running dialogue of thoughts always occupying our minds, perceptible to only us. In everyday life, this common train of thoughts is never scrutinized or examined, but in literature, it is something referred to as stream of consciousness and it is what will be surveyed in this essay. The two stories being observed are Katherine Porter’s “The Jilting of Granny Weatherall”, a short story about an 80-year-old woman’s thoughts and memories as she lives out her last day. The second story is James Joyce’s “Araby”, the fictional story of a young boy in Dublin and his infatuation with a girl in his neighborhood. This essay will examine stream of consciousness vital role in these
Through this quote, the reader is able to see the way in which Septimus’ thoughts are portrayed. The thoughts of Septimus show him to be a helpless victim. When understanding the way Septimus is being treated by the doctor, the reader can not help but feel sympathy for him. Woolf’s use of stream of consciousness is that of cautiousness and delicacy.
These journeys vary in nature, traveling though the more pessimistic, cynical, and sometimes even nihilistic parts of the intellect, to traveling through the optimistic peaks of higher human ideas. In “The Minister’s Black Veil,” Hawthorne has shown that we all hide secrets; in “The Fall of the House of Usher,” Poe has shown the strength of fear over each individual; and in “Civil Disobedience,” Thoreau revealed the power of one to govern oneself. The vast range of knowledge that these insights present is great, but they all accomplish the same thing: providing a glimpse into the complex working of the human mind. This goal is not an easy one to accomplish, but throughout the history of Romanticism, Gothicism, and Transcendentalism, it was done time and time again. One can begin reading a story from one of these periods in the name of pleasure without any intent of gaining knowledge, but upon finishing the text the reader will certainly know his or herself at a much more intimate and personal
Carr asserts that the literary “linear, mind"” (pg. 10) is being transformed into a chronic state of distraction. The mind is now looking for diversions. Carr cites neurological and physiological studies for his arguments, and he does so compellingly. However, after taking a step back, his book does not seem as sound as before. Carr is subjectively
William Faulkner’s As I Lay Dying and in Virginia Woolf’s A Mark on the Wall - Subjective Narratives in Modernist Texts
Stream of consciousness is when the author writes as if inside the minds of the characters jumping from one event to another like the way one thinks. For example in Benjy 's section, everything is presented through unorganized thoughts
Firstly, Joyce incorporates multiple figures of speech and elements of design to express a purpose through the events that occur in the story. As mentioned before, this story is written in first person perspective of a boy who lives with his aunt and uncle. The perspective best allows readers to understand what this boy encounters every day and his opinion on certain topics. Furthermore, it also allows readers to perceive the feelings this boy has for a girl. For example, the author mentions the boy playing and says, “The cold air stung us and we played till our bodies glowed. Our shouts echoed in the silent street. The career of our play brought us through the dark muddy lanes behind the houses…” (Joyce, 1). This quote highlights the lively and childish fun the boy has with his friends.
Stream of consciousness is simply how our brain thinks. Perhaps as the teacher reads through this poem we hear the word "Mermaid". Our minds see the singing mermaids on the rocks in "Jason and the Argonauts" and then jump to Peter Pan and from Peter Pan to Mary Poppins. The idea of stream of consciousness
Throughout James Joyce’s “Dubliners” there are four major themes that are all very connected these are regret, realization, self hatred and Moral paralysis, witch is represented with the actual physical paralysis of Father Flynn in “The Sisters”. In this paper I intend to explore the different paths and contours of these themes in the four stories where I think they are most prevalent ,and which I most enjoyed “Araby”, “Eveline”, “The Boarding House”, and “A Little Cloud”.
Post World War I London society was characterized by a flow of new luxuries available to the wealthy and unemployment throughout the lower classes. Fascinated by the rapidly growing hierarchal social class system, Virginia Woolf, a young writer living in London at the time, sought to criticize it and reveal the corruption which lay beneath its surface. Mrs. Dalloway, Woolf’s fourth novel, was born in 1925 out of this desire precisely. A recurring focus in many of Woolf’s major novels is the individual and his or her conscious perceptions of daily life. Throughout Mrs. Dalloway, Woolf uses this technique, known as a “stream-of-consciousness,” to trace the thoughts of Clarissa Dalloway and Septimus Warren Smith during one day in London five years after the Great War. It is exactly this narrative technique which allows Woolf to compare the lives of these two characters which belong to different social classes to argue that social placement has a negative effect on one’s life and psychological being.
To the Lighthouse stands for the modernists’ emphasis on the importance of narrative techniques. Therefore, it is taken as a medium that exposes the nature of narrative. Woolf’s use of free indirect discourse stimulates the reader’s awareness of the text’s artificiality. It draws attention to the illusive boundaries between the voice of the author and that of the character. The role of third-person narrative is undermined as multiple voices penetrate the narrative. Free indirect discourse create double meaning where the voice can be