The Norwalk Virus : The Noroviruses And Caliciruses

Hand, foot, and mouth are parts of human body have the highest change to get contagious infection. There are many viruses but Enterovirus groups, (most common is the coxsackie virus) is the main factor. These viruses can spread through direct contact from person to person especially with those have bad habits such as: unusually washed hands or surfaces contaminated with feces. An infected person’s saliva, stool, or respiratory secretions can transmit the infection.

The Iowa Department of Public Health has confirmed a rare case of disease caused by the Jamestown Canyon virus. In addition, there are two cases has been reported to the Iowa’s Health Department about West Nile Virus, which is also an illness spread by mosquitoes, along with Jamestown Canyon virus. According to the author, people who are infected by these two viruses will experience: “fever, headache, and flulike illness.” Luckily, however, “the patients who had Jamestown Canyon virus and West Nile virus are slowly recovering.”

Nipah virus, Arena Virus and Francisella tularensis are bioterrorism agents. They work in various ways to harm the host. Francisella tularenis is considered a Tier 1 bioterrorism agent and Nipah virus is an overlap select agent that affects humans and agriculture both. They have been harmful in the past. Though, Nipah virus is a newer virus than the other two. This review will focus on their emergence, pathogenicity and symptoms of the diseases they cause.

Harley, D, Sleigh, A & and Ritchie, S 2011, ‘Ross river virus transmission, infection, and disease: a cross-disciplinary review’, Clinical Microbiology Reviews, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 909-932, doi:10.1128/CMR.14.4.909-932.2001

The outbreak was caused by a norovirus being spread within the area . A norovirus is any of numerous single-stranded ribose nucleic acid (RNA) viruses, which includes

The virus has received its name from its birth in Norwalk Ohio. It was responsible for a short term outbreak of gastroenteritis occurring in the students of Bronson elementary school in November of 1968. It wasn’t until 1972 the virus was examined and received its name as the Norwalk virus. Since its known birth, there have been many outbreaks with similar symptoms reported. It is believed the virus may belong to the family Caliciviridae. The Norwalk virus is actually part of a group of single-stranded RNA, non-enveloped viruses. Once a person is infected with the virus it begins to copy itself within small intestines. The symptoms would develop between 12 and 48 hours and tend to last 1-3 days.

Hendra virus (originally called "Equine morbillivirus" was discovered in September 1994 when it caused the deaths of thirteen horses, and a trainer at a training complex in Hendra, a suburb of Brisbane in Queensland, Australia.[12]

This essay is about Norwalk virus. How to prevent it and what to do if you recieve this illness. This essat also informs you on the history and recent outbreaks. How to avoid the illness and how it is transmitted are told in this illness. Death is also a topic in this essay and how many people die from norwalk virus annually.

Making hand washing a habit. Wash hands with soap and water after potential contact with human feces, handling pets, after gardening or contact with soil, before and after food handling, before and after having intercourse. Use alcohol-based cleansers such as hand sanitizers or disinfectants may also be used but not recommended for C.diff spores. Be extra careful with drinking water especially when you go out of the country. Use of proper attire when traveling and going to the mountains to protect self from unwanted animal bites. Make sure that you eat meat that was cooked thoroughly and uncontaminated to avoid food poisoning. Also get vaccines

Norwalk virus is a spherical single-stranded RNA virus. This virus is alive and can stay on objects and surfaces and still infect people for days or weeks. It can survive some disinfectants which makes it even harder to get rid of. Anyone can get Norwalk virus. Each year, norovirus causes 56,000 to 71,000 hospitalizations and 570 to 800 deaths, mostly in young children and the elderly. This virus causes

Many people are affected each year by what is usually misdiagnosed as the “stomach flu”. The official medical term for this illness is Norovirus, but is also known as Norwalk Virus. It was first seen in 1968 at Bronson Elementary School in Norwalk, Ohio. The first outbreak occurred at the elementary school, infecting 116 of the 223 students and teachers. Norovirus is a contagious virus that can lead to an infection called acute gastroenteritis. Gastroenteritis is an inflammation of the stomach and intestines, which results in diarrhea, vomiting, and stomach pain. In the United States alone, 19-21 million cases, 56,000-71,000 hospitalizations, and 570-800 deaths are reported each year (CDC).

Noroviruses are the most common cause of viral gastroenteritis in humans, and affect people of all ages. Norovirus infection is characterised by nausea, forceful vomiting, watery diarrhoea, abdominal pain, and in some cases, loss of taste. General lethargy, weakness, muscle aches, headache, and low-grade fever may occur. The disease is usually self-limiting,

This virus is generally transmitted from infected to non-infected individuals through small water droplets released from the infected individuals through coughing, sneezing, and/or contact with mucus and other infected secretions. This virus can withstand living in the small water droplets, outside the host, on many household surfaces for up to two hours. The incubation period for this host averages from one to two weeks, with the virus replicating inside the host, but no symptoms occurring. It is only until four days before the rash appears, and four days after the rash is gone that this virus is

The virus is a member of the enterovirus sub-group, family Picornaviridae. Enteroviruses are transient inhabitants of the gastrointestinal tract, and are stable at acid pH. Picornaviruses are small, ether-insensitive viruses with an RNA genome (Musa et al., 2009). It is shed in large quantities in the throat and intestines of infected persons such that a mere gram of stool may contain several million virus particle (Saunders et al., 2011). Poliovirus exists in three serotypes (P1, P2, and P3) (Dowdle & Birmingham, 1997). There is marginal heterotypic immunity between the three serotypes such that immunity to one serotype does not produce substantial immunity to the other serotypes. The poliovirus is quickly inactivated by formaldehyde, chlorine, ultraviolet light, and heat (Paul,

A number of studies have supported the theory that the virus had originally occurred in animals previous to human infections.5 The MERs-CoV virus is a type of coronavirus that has been known for infecting both birds and many species of mammals. These types of infections are commonly referred to as zoonotic diseases because the pathogens are able to be transferred from animals to humans. Zoonosis can happen with or without a vector in order to spread the infection. Although the exact origin of the MERs-CoV infections is unknown, there has been convincing research performed that has found related types of coronaviruses in bats and camels. According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, the coronavirus is found in multiple species and can cause respiratory illness and gastrointestinal upset.