1. With the prevalence in food of peeled cereals or bread made from high-grade flour, hypovitaminosis B1 may occur. Explain the role that vitamin B, plays in the body. For this: a) name the coenzyme which contains vitamin B, and enzymes, which require this cocnzyme to function; b) write the process in which these enzymes are involved and explain how the process speed will change with a lack of B,; d) what discase develops in the absence of vitamin B,-
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- 8. Ketone bodies were found in the urine of the patient with diabetes mellitus. Explain the sequence of metabolic changes resulting in ketonuria. For that answer the question and do the following tasks: a) what are the ranges of ketone bodics in blood of the healthy pcople and the patients with diabetes mellitus? b) explain the main changes in hormonal regulation of patient with diabetes mellitus; c) explain why the level of free fatty acids in the blood is clevated; d) name the pathways of lipid metabolism which becomes more active in patients with diabetes mellitus; e) draw the scheme of ketone body synthesis and oxidation.6. Kwashiorkor is the discase caused by a deficiency of proteins in the diet that is adequate in calories due to carbohydrates. Children with kwashiorkor suffer from muscle wasting, low level of plasma proteins and fatty liver. Explain the cause of increased content of TAG in the liver (fatty liver). Answer the following questions and do the task: a) which lipoproteins transport fats the from liver to peripheral tissues? b) which compounds are present in the shell and inside of the lipoproteins, write the general scheme of VLDL structure; c) name the apoproteins required for VLDL formation; d) explain the possible cause of fatty liver development.Certain malignant tumors of the pancreas cause excessive production of insulin.Affected individuals exhibit shaking and trembling, weakness and fatigue, sweatingand hunger.a) What is the effect of hyperinsulinism on the metabolism of carbohydrates,amino acids, and lipids by the liver?b) What are the causes of the observed symptoms? Suggest why this condition, ifprolonged, leads to brain damage.
- Explain the structural and functional changes in the crohn disease process that led to patient's weight loss4) Vitamins (Use names only, NOT B numbers) a) What symptoms could you observe in a person suffering from pellagra? Weight loss, demartitis and dementia b) The deficiency of which vitamin can cause pellagra? Niacin (3 %) (2%) 5 2 c) Explain how the deficiency can give rise to the symptoms observed. (3%) O Vitamin catayze the human metabolism, the vitamin is deficient, body will not enough nutrient. Metabolism will be running slowly, therefore, weight loss, dementia symptoms appears. 171.A patient with chronic pancreatitis and hence decreased secretory function of pancreas was prescribed an enzymatic drug «Enzystal» before each meal. Explain this prescription. For that: a)Name pansreatic enzymes, participating in digestion of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins. What is their pH optimum and how is it reached in duodenum? b) Draw the scheme representing the cascade of activation of pancreatic proteolytic enzymes. Indicate the mechanism ofactivation and its reversability c)Why are proteolytic enzymes secreted by pancreas in inactive form? d)What recommendations on diet can be given to this patient?
- 1. Maintaining normal glucose levels in the postoperative period reduces which complication? Oa) lleus Ob) Bleeding Oc) Wound infection Od) Deep vein thrombosisCh. 6: Chvostek sign (twitching of facial muscles after gently tapping the cheek by the ear) is an indicator of: a) hyponatremia Ob) hypernatremia c) hypocalcemia Od) hypercalcemia e) None of the above.5. The inflammation associated with atrophic gastritis and a damage to the stomach lining causes digestive problems; nutrient deficiencies are observed as well. Patients suffer from weight loss, vomiting, lack of appetite, nausca, iron deficiency anemia, pain in the stomach. Why these symptoms occur in damaged protein digestion in the stomach? For the answer: a) point out the valuc of gastric juice pH in healthy pcople; b) specify functions of HCI; c) describe which peptidase takes part in protein digestion in stomach: peculia- rity of its activation and specificity.
- Specify two conditions that may lead to failure to absorb vitamin B12.. An individual with a known deficiency in Vitamin D is considering supplementing their diet to improve their levels. Before proceeding, what is the most important factor they should evaluate to avoid adverse effects?A) The time of the year and their geographical location to estimate sun exposureB) Their body mass index (BMI) to determine the appropriate dosageC) The potential interaction with other fat-soluble vitamins they are consumingD) The levels of calcium in their diet, as Vitamin D increases calcium absorption1. Describe the clinical significance associated with abnormal levels of cholesterol 2. How does liver disease affect the cholesterol levels in the blood 3. Describe completely the lipoprotein metabolism.