46. Of the following signaling processes which one is NOT involved in cellular movement or cytoskeletal changes? (2) (1) (3) @ DO00 Cat Binding site 20 catenin CAP Daaml Dsh ROCK Ras GTP Raf RhoA) SOS MEK (ERK)
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- 14) Which of the following correctly ranks the steps in the secretory pathway? 1. Active PKA subunits phosphorylate targets in the cell, regulating function. 2. The catalytic subunits of PKA dissociate. 3. Gprotein a subunit exchanges bound GDP for GTP. 4. CAMP binds to the regulatory subunits of PKA, activating it. 5. Ga subunit dissociates from complex and activates adenylate cyclase. 6. Ligand (hormone) binds to receptor. 7. Activated adenylate cyclase produces CAMP from ATP.What is the main benefit of cell signaling via direct physical contact and cell signaling over short distqnces (ex.: nerve cell signaling)?Why do signaling responses that involve changesin proteins already present in the cell occur in millisec-onds to seconds, whereas responses that require changesin gene expression require minutes to hours?
- You treat human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECS) in the lab with hydrogen peroxide to induce oxidative stress and observe the following: (D) Ctrl H202 4 8. 12 24 Time (h) Which one of the following pathways of cell death are induced in these cells? O Pyroptosis O Apoptosis O Autophagy O Necrosis Caspase-3 activity (relative to control)What characteristic of the plasma membrane allows for themovement of the G protein complex toward and away fromthe receptor protein?175. A 70-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 1-month history of heavy, pressing substernal chest pain that occurs when he walks up a flight of stairs. The symptoms are relieved by rest. The physician prescribes a drug to alleviate the symptoms. Within the cell, the drug acts by breaking down into a compound that binds to a protein to increase intracellular concentrations of cGMP, resulting in vasodilation. This binding most likely occurs in which of the following cell locations? A) Cytosol B) Golgi complex C) Mitochondria D) Nucleus E) Peroxisome F) Plasma membrane
- 21. Given the generic signaling pathway in the figure below, find out which label is incorrect. A) 1. Ligand B) 2. Receptor protein C) 3. Transcription factors D) 4. Effector proteins Answer: Explanation: * metabolic enzyme cytoskeletal protein cellular changes 1 2 3 transcriptional regulatorAt puberty, the adolescent human body undergoes changes in both structure and function of several organ systems, primarily under the influence of estrogen and testosterone steroid hormones. Which of the following best explains how two molecules can trigger many different types of systemic changes that occur during adolescence? A Estrogen and testosterone are both produced in very large concentrations by nearly ev- ery cell in the body. B с D Estrogen and testosterone bind to specific receptors inside many types of cells, each with different signal transduction pathways. Estrogen and testosterone bind to different membrane-bound receptors on different cells, initiating different transduction pathways. Estrogen and testosterone are able to cross the membrane of some cells but not others.# 3 You've engineered a mutant cell where the FADD adapter was truncated. The mutant FADD only contains the Death Domain, and lacks the Death Effector Domain. What is the most likely phenotypic outcome for this mutant cell when presented with the Fas ligand? 20 E O The Fas/FasL oligomer is formed, but apoptosis is blocked O The Fas/FasL oligomer is formed, and apoptosis is hyperactivated O The Fas/FasL oligomer is not formed, and apoptosis is blocked O The Fas/FasL oligomer is not formed, but apoptosis is hyperactivated F3 $ 4 DOD 000 R F4 % 5 F5 T BARAT 6 tv @ MacBook Air F6 Y & 7 F7 U * ➤11 8 F8 · 9 F9
- Non-canonical Hedgehog signaling results in actin cytoskeleton rearrangements, leading to cellmovement and changes in cell shape. Describe how changes to the actin cytoskeleton lead to cellmovement and changes in cell shape.You do not need to draw out the signaling pathway again (#1b). Your answer should focus onthe changes to the actin cytoskeleton. Drawings will be helpful!There is a relatively high concentration of phosphatidylcholine on the lumenal side of the ER membrane. What feature of membranes is responsible for this effect?Second-messenger systems ultimately bring about the desired cell response by inducing a change in the shape and function of particular designated intracellular proteins. (True or false?)