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Discuss the Open and closed circulation in animals
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- List three ways that systemic circulation could beimpaired.During the late phases (plateau) of the action potential of fast myocardium (e.g. ventricle) which is not true of the sodium channel? OA. Defects in inactivation can prolong the action potential and lead to long QT syndrome. OB. It is refractory. OC.A slower inactivation gate keeps the channel shut in response to sustained depolarization. OD. It fires transiently early on in the action potential and is not active during the late plateau. O E. All are true.Differentiate between single and double circulation found in vertebrates.
- Sketch out (flow diagram) the baroreceptor reflex response to low blood pressure. Name all important components, neurotransmitters, receptor types, nervous system division, feedback loops, etc. Use up/down arrows to show high or low activity or amounts when appropriate.Describe the movement in ions in action potentials of these cells - pacemaker cell - cardiac contractile cellDefine circulation
- List at least one reason why arteriole vasoconstriction helps mammals function and survive:Describe in detail the negative feedback mechanism that regulates blood pressure. ANSWER SHOULD INCLUDE: Cardiovascular system response to a fall IN BP: Name location of receptors Afferent pathway - how signal is sent to CNS ( i.e. branch of ANS involved, name of neurotransmitters/ hormone) Name and location of control of control centre in CNS Efferent pathway - how signals is sent to effectors . Name and location of effectors How effected bring about change in BP LINK to BP equation Cardiovascular system response to a rise in BP ( AS BOVE )During work, blood flow through a muscle can increase 20 times but the cardiac output does not increase as much, this is because vasodilation of the blood vessels in the working muscles the blood supply to the gastrointestinal tract is reduced vasoconstriction of the skin circulation, at least temporarily
- Discuss the importance of collateral circulation andexplain how collateral circulation can be maximized.Describe the control processes that interact to regulate blood flow and pressure in tissues, and explain how the activities of the cardiac, vasomotor, and respiratory centers are coordinated to control blood flow through tissues.When the alary muscles contract, the hemolymph is forced through the aorta into the head. Upon relaxation, the hemolymph enters the heart through the ostia. Once the hemolymph leaves the aorta, it fills the perineural and perivisceral sinuses, bathing the internal organs at the same time. Present your understanding of this concept through a diagram in the activity worksheet.