Reverse transcriptases do not proofread as they synthesize DNA using an RNA template. What do you think the consequences of this are for the treatment of AIDs?
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Reverse transcriptases do not proofread as they synthesize DNA using an RNA template. What do you think the consequences of this are for the treatment of AIDs?
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- Transduction is sometimes described as a mistake in the bacteriophage reproductive cycle. Explain how it can be viewed as a mistake?Describe how P1vir transduction can be used to introduce a gene mutation into E. coli. Use your own diagrams to aid your answer. Remember to refer to the figure in the text. You should describe / show both the molecular biology and the transduction procedure. Tip: BioRender is excellent to create figures.Bacteria exposed to viruses incorporate sections of the virus’s DNA into the CRISPR array sequences in their genome. This mechanism allows bacteria to fight off the viruses, like an immune response: the information in CRISPR spacers served as “coordinates” for recognizing and cutting up invading DNA sequences. Describe what might happen under the conditions described after a bacteriophage infects a bacterial cell and releases its DNA into the bacterial cell. Explain why: The cas genes on the bacterial genome contains a frameshift deletion mutation that alters the function of the protein The bacteria will be unable to elicit an immune response and will succumb to the phase infection
- Remdesivir is an antiviral drug used to treat SARS-CoV-2 infections. It is a broad-spectrum antiviral, meaning it has activity against many different viruses. Remdesivir can be incorporated into a new RNA chain as a virus replicates and can interfere with the viral replication machinery. Template RNA Elongation New RNA SARS-CoV-2 RNA polymerase Template groove Nucleotide entrance Nucleotides Remdesivir Figure 1. A representation of remdesivir and the viral replication machinery for SARS-CoV-2. 6. Figure 1 shows that remdesivir "mimics” an important component of RNA replication. Which specific component of RNA replication has a structure like that of remdesivir? 7. Propose a hypothesis about how remdesivir might inhibit the virus's replication process.Describe how P1vir transduction can be used to introduce a gene mutation into E. coli. Use your own diagrams to aid your answer. Remember to refer to the figure in the text. You should describe / show both the molecular biology and the transduction procedure.Cloning Genes Is a Multistep Process In cloning human DNA, why is it necessary to insert the DNA into a vector such as a bacterial plasmid?
- Gene cloning is a process in which a gene of interest is identified and made into multiple copies. Illustrate the steps in gene cloning using Escherichia coli as the host cell after PCR has been carried out to amplify a gene of interest.Bacteria exposed to viruses incorporate sections of the virus’s DNA into the CRISPR array sequences in their genome. This mechanism allows bacteria to fight off the viruses, like an immune response: the information in CRISPR spacers served as “coordinates” for recognizing and cutting up invading DNA sequences. Describe what might happen under the conditions described after a bacteriophage infects a bacterial cell and releases its DNA into the bacterial cell. Explain why: 1. The invading phage DNA is recognized by the Cas proteins but not inserted into the CRISPR array region of the bacterial genome: The bacteria will be unable to elicit an immune response and will succumb to the phase infection 2. The cas genes on the bacterial genome contains a missense mutation that increases its cleavage/cut activityThe bacteria will elicit an immune response that will successfully fight the phage infectionThe enzymes mentioned below are used as tools during cloning, DNA sequencing and/or gene therapy. Explain what they are used for. Also mention the actual biological function of the respective enzymes. 1. T7 RNA polymerase 2. Reverse transcriptase 3. RNaseH
- The idea behind PCR-based diagnostics is that a very small number of microbial genomes in a patient sample can be multiplied by PCR and more easily detected by the clinical team managing the patient’s care. Also, genetic-based diagnostics are very useful for viral infections because we don’t have biochemical tests, etc. to distinguish one virus from another (remember, viruses are metabolically inactive). However, a lot of work goes into the development of these tests. For instance, PCR requires primers that are complementary to the viral genome that is being copied. If primers are complementary to the target genome, what must scientists know to design primers that bind to the viral genome to be copied? (I mean this to be a general question; don’t look up the details of designing primers)Outline a series of steps by which reverse transcriptase produces DNA on an RNA template.What specifically will happen if DNA polymerase is inaccurate during DNA synthesis? Explain how this inaccuracy might affect the organism.