Suppose the government wants to achieve a debris reduction of 30 pounds per month (that is, reduce the amount of debris to 70 pounds). Assume that if a firm is indifferent between buying a debris permit or reducing pollution, it will choose to buy the permit. Suppose the government issues seven 10-pound permits. To release debris, a firm must hold a permit for every 10 pounds of debris. If all permits are sold off to the firms at a single price per permit, every month the price would be between $ (low end) and $ (high end).
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- A4 1. Two chemical companies, A and B, operate in a small New England town. Every week A releases 40 gallons of dioxin into the town’s aquifer, while B releases 30 gallons during the same time frame. It would cost A $800 per gallon to clean up its production, while B can clean up its waste at a cost of $500 per gallon. After this issue is raised at a town hall meeting, the town’s residents vote to reduce total dioxin pollution to 20 gallons per week. a. What would be the total cost of pollution reduction if each company were limited to 10 gallons of waste per week? b. What would the total costs be if each company received 10 gallons worth of tradable pollution credits? 2. A wheat farmer and a cattle rancher occupy adjacent parcels of land. Every year the farmer builds a fence to keep the cattle out of his field, and every year the rancher tears the fence down so that the cattle can roam free. The farmer values the wheat that gets destroyed at $300, while the rancher values having a…The town has a kayak rental and visitors use the lake for recreation. The town also has a chemical lab that dumps industrial waste into the lake. This pollutes the lake and makes it a less desirable vacation destination. That is, the chemical lab's waste decreases the kayak rental's economic profit. Suppose that the chemical lab could use a different production method that involves recycling water. This would reduce the pollution in the lake to levels safe for recreation, and the kayak rental would no longer be affected. If the chemical lab uses the recycling method, then the chemical lab's economic profit is $900 per week, and the kayak rental's economic profit is $2,600 per week. If the chemical lab does not use the recycling method, then the chemical lab's economic profit is $1,600 per week, and the kayak rental's economic profit is $1,500 per week. These figures are summarized in the following table. Complete the following table by computing the total profit (the chemical lab's…wo firms, A and B, each currently dump 50 tonnes of chemicals into the local river. The government has decided to reduce the pollution and from now on will require a pollution permit for each tonne of pollution dumped into the river. It costs Firm A $100 for each tonne of pollution that it eliminates before it reaches the river, and it costs Firm B $50 for each tonne of pollution that it eliminates before it reaches the river. The government gives each firm 20 pollution permits. Government officials are not sure whether to allow the firms to buy or sell the pollution permits to each other. What is the total cost of reducing pollution if the firms are NOT allowed to buy and sell pollution permits from each other, and what is the total cost of reducing pollution if the firms ARE allowed to buy and sell permits from each other? A. $4500; $2500 B. $3000; $1500 C. $4500; $3500 D. $4500; $4000
- Firm A currently dumps 223 tons of chemicals into the local river. Firm B currently dumps 192 tons of chemicals into the local river. The government has decided to reduce the pollution and from now on will require a pollution permit for each ton of pollution dumped into the river. The government gives each firm 10 pollution permits. The abatement costs of one ton of pollution is $173 for Firm A and $76 for Firm B. What would be the total cost of reducing pollution, if the firms are allowed to trade permits between each other?cap-and-trade and windfall profitsA city called Seoul is suffering from high concentrations of mercury in the air, caused by burningcoal in power plants. There are two of these plants close to the city. The city’s mayor wants touse cap-and-trade to reduce emissions to a reportedly “safe” level of 60 tons. The two firms havethe following marginal benefits of emissions: MB1 = 100 – 2e1, MB2 = 25 – 0.5e2.a. How much mercury will each firm emit? What allowance price will prevail in themarket?Firm 2 hires a smart lobbyist who convinces the government that its profits are relatively low andthat it therefore deserves a generous allowance allocation. The government agrees and allocatesa1 = 20 allowances to firm 1 (for free) and a2 = 40 allowances to firm 2 (for free).b. What are the firms’ profits? Do any of the firms earn windfall profits? [Hint: compareprofits with and without regulation.] Windfall profits have been sharply criticized by consumer advocacy groups and politicians.c. What can…Part D E F needed b) Ana also reads that climate change is caused by carbon emissions from air travel. Two airlines run flights between two cities, Air A and Air B. The government has said that the airlines can produce 100 units of carbon emissions between them, under a carbon permit scheme, and should decide how to split the 100 units between them. Air A and Air B have the same operating costs and the same costs of reducing the amount of carbon that they produce per flight.Say Air A has been operating on the route for over 50 years and the government decides to give all the permits to Air A (based on its long use of the route). Air A offers a proportion R of the 100 units of permits to Air B and Air B can accept the offer or reject it and not fly on the route.• How will the other parameters of the model as discussed in this module affect the value of R* at which Air B accepts the offer?• Say that the government gives the permits to Air A for 5 years, and will gives them to Air B for…
- ADJ Enterprises produces hydrothermocorticoids. The table below shows the costs of producing various quantities of hydrothermocorticoids. Quantity Total Cost Average Cost 0 $0 -- 1 $10 $10.00 2 $12 $6.00 3 $15 $5.00 4 $19 $4.75 5 $24 $4.80 6 $30 $5.00 7 $45 $6.43 ADJ sells its hydrothermocorticoids for $5 each (that is the price regardless of the number of hydrothermocorticoids it sells). Use the Profit-Maximizing Rule to explain the quantity that ADJ should produce to maximize its profits. You may use a calculator. You should explain the details of any calculation you perform. You should identify, explain, and apply the concept you use to answer this question. To receive full credit, your explanation must show all steps in any calculations you perform. Your explanation must also incorporate the profit-maximizing rule – state what that rule is and explain how it applies to ADJ’s situation. Note that it is…Four firms called Elm, Maple, Oak, and Cherry, produce wooden chairs. However, they also produce a great deal of garbage (a mixture of glue, varnish, sandpaper, and wood scraps). The first row of Table shows the total amount of garbage (in tons) that each firm currently produces. The other rows of the table show the cost of reducing garbage produced by the first five tons, the second five tons, and so on. First, calculate the cost of requiring each firm to reduce the weight of its garbage by one-fourth. Now, imagine that the government issues marketable permits for the current level of garbage, but the permits will shrink the weight of allowable garbage for each firm by one-fourth. What will be the result of this alternative approach to reducing pollution?20-3. Lightweight personal locator beacons are now available to hikers that make it easier for the Forest Service;s rescue teams to locate those lost or in trouble in the wilderness. How will this affect the costs that the Forest Service incurs?
- The town has a campground whose visitors use the lake for recreation. The town also has a research lab that dumps industrial waste into the lake. This pollutes the lake and makes it a less desirable vacation destination. That is, the research lab's waste decreases the campground's economic profit. Suppose that the research lab could use a different production method that involves recycling water. This would reduce the pollution in the lake to levels safe for recreation, and the campground would no longer be affected. If the research lab uses the recycling method, then the research lab's economic profit is $1,300 per week, and the campground's economic profit is $2,300 per week. If the research lab does not use the recycling method, then the research lab's economic profit is $2,100 per week, and the campground's economic profit is $1,100 per week. These figures are summarized in the following table. NOTE: Choice for first fill-in-blank is (not used or used), for the second its (not use…The table below shows the marginal cost for three firms to clean up units of pollution. Marginal Cost ($) to clean... 2 tons of pollution 315.00 880.00 1525.00 Cost for US Steel = $ Cost for Ford = $ Suppose the government enacts a pollution charge of $1055.00 that firms must pay for every ton of pollution they do not clean in the first 3 tons. How much will each firm pay to clean their pollution? Cost for Apple = $ Tax Revenue = Firm US Steel Ford Apple Societal cost to clean 1 ton of pollution 115.00 230.00 1225.00 → ▶ - ▲ 3 tons of pollution 740.00 1225.00 1960.00 SIThe following table shows the current level of toxic waste dumped by two firms and the marginal cost of cleaning up additional 10 lbs increments of waste. Suppose the government has imposed a pollution tax of $7 per 10 lbs of waste. Calculate the reduction in total pollution and the total cost to the firms of doing so? Current waste (lbs) Cost of reducing by 1st 10 lbs Cost of reducing by 2nd 10 lbs Cost of reducing by 3rd 10 lbs Cost of reducing by 4th 10 lbs Cost of reducing by 5th 10 lbs Firm A 60 $5 $10 $15 $20 $25 Firm B Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. 80 $2 $4 $6 $8 $10