What is the effect of type 2 diabetes (T2D) on pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) flux? T2D facilitates an increase in PPP flux in response to elevated levels of blood glucose. T2D results in high basal levels of insulin, which leads to an increase PPP flux. T2D has no effect on the PPP. T2D prevents an increase in PPP flux in response to elevated levels of blood glucose.
Q: You are studying Protein A. In the picture below, which location is Protein A MOST likely to move…
A: Membrane proteins are defined as proteins associated or attached to the membrane of a cell or an…
Q: An enzyme with concentration of 3.0 uM is added to a flask containing 125 uM of substrate. You know…
A: The observed velocity (Vo) in enzyme kinetics denotes the initial rate of an enzyme-catalyzed…
Q: Imagine you are able to incorporate a heavy isotope into the atoms of both strands of double…
A: Replication is a process wherein a daughter strand is synthesized using the parent's DNA strand. One…
Q: Which of the following statements is WRONG with regard to the following molecule? HO 0² N OH NH₂ N…
A: The given compound is cAMP. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate is a second messenger, which is important…
Q: What are ways in which cells can regenerate cytosolic NAD+? Conversion of Lactate to Pyruvate…
A: The coenzyme NAD+ is the most important oxidising reducing agent in the cell. It acts as electron…
Q: Can you explain the various options and how did you come to the answer? How to know whether histine…
A: The proteins are constituted of 20 naturally occurring amino acids.Histidine is an essential amino…
Q: 10. Calculating AG in a Rat Liver Cell Calculate the free energy of hydrolysis of ATP in a rat liver…
A: Gibbs free energy is the energy which is available to do useful work. The change in Gibbs free…
Q: Single stranded DNA fragment of M13 phage DNA shown was mixed with the following primers P1: AGTAG…
A: Polymerase chain reaction also abbreviated as PCR.A specific DNA fragment is quickly multiplied…
Q: Write out the mechanism for transimination, the reaction of an amino acid with enzyme-bound PLP to…
A: The transimination reaction, also known as the Schiff base formation,involving the transfer of a…
Q: All of the following statements about glucose are true except: Glucose is metabolized in the…
A: Glucose is a simple sugar (monosaccharide) that serves as a primary source of energy for living…
Q: A contributing factor to the development of arthritis is the inappropriate proteolytic destruction…
A: A variable is any quantity we can measure. In any experiment there are three variables: Independent:…
Q: QUESTION 9 In our walk-through of the HIV ELISA in zoom class, we were doing a test used to diagnose…
A: ELISA stands for Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay. It is a common laboratory method in molecular…
Q: A major pathway for metabolism of ethanol is shown below. Humans consuming a large fraction of their…
A: Glycolysis is enzymatic conversion of glucose to pyruvate with concomitant reduction of NAD to NADH…
Q: Which of the following is the a-anomer? H но H Но H2C H ОН H2C- нн ОН со 4 1 2 1 Submit 3 -OH Н ОН…
A: Alpha anomer
Q: 1. Glycolysis can be summarized as a 6-carbon structure becoming two 3-carbon structures. To really…
A: In glycolysis, a 6-carbon molecule of glucose-6-phosphate is broken down into 3-carbon pyruvate. It…
Q: Which structure likely represents a GPCR? A B e C D
A: G protein-coupled receptors are abbreviated as GPCRs.These are integral membrane proteins…
Q: What would be the effect on the activity of phosphofructokinase of the mutation of Asp103 to the…
A: Based on the type of effect brought about on the activity of a protein, mutations can be of 3 types.…
Q: Scientist Percy Julian... O developed a brilliant and effective large-scale production strategy for…
A: Answer :- Percy Julian, a brilliant and pioneering scientist, overcame significant racial barriers…
Q: What is the most likely consequence of a single base mismatch error made by RNA polymerase? A…
A: The central dogma of molecular biology is a theory, according to which, genetic information flows…
Q: Which of the following statements regarding DNA is false? Features a beta glycosidic bond between…
A: DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid is a genetic material that transfers genetic information from one…
Q: Draw the structure of the peptide DTLH, showing the backbone and side-chain atoms, at its…
A: There are four classes of biological macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates and…
Q: Inhibitors are compounds capable of blocking the catalytic process. Outline with the use of graphs…
A: Ezymes are the biocatalysts that increase the rate of reaction without changing itself to the…
Q: You discover a protein that displays improved catalytic efficiency. Would you predict that this…
A: Catalytic efficiency, can be defined as a measure of how efficiently an enzyme converts substrates…
Q: Which of the following is TRUE? Chylomicrons have more triglycerides than HDLs. HDL carries both…
A: In the human body, lipoproteins are essential for lipid transport and metabolism. The equilibrium of…
Q: 1. What type of reaction occurred when the samples (enumerated) reacted with the Molisch reagent?…
A: As per Bartelby guidelines, an expert cannot answer more than one question. Kindly submit other…
Q: Assume a fragment of two-stranded antiparallel β-structure is 3.3 nm long. What is the approximate…
A: Deoxyribonucleic acid also known as DNA, is a molecule that houses the genetic instructions required…
Q: 1. The figure below shows the ribosome elongation cycle in translation. Label the features indicated…
A: Translation is the process by which a polypeptide chain is synthesized based on the information…
Q: Sarin is an inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase. Draw a mechanism that shows this.
A: Sarin is a toxic organophosphorous compound. It is a colourless & an odourless liquid. It is…
Q: what are the non-regulatory enzymes involved in glycolysis.
A: Glycolysis is the 10-step enzymatic oxidation of a single glucose molecule into two molecules of…
Q: Identify the type of base and sugar group present in each nucleotide or nucleoside.
A: Nucleotides serve as the basic building blocks for DNA and RNA. Nucleotides comprise a sugar…
Q: Carbonic anhydrase of erythrocytes (M, 30,000) has one of the highest turnover numbers known. It…
A: The value of Kcat represents the catalytic efficiency of an enzyme. It is also known as the turnover…
Q: I would like to ask the following since I kinda don't clearly understand the concept behind them:…
A: Starch, glycogen and dextrin are homopolymer of glucose meaning that they are polysaccharides that…
Q: What type of linkage is shown here? CH₂OH H K ОН H ОН H O Alpha (1,4) O Beta (1,2) Beta (1,6) O…
A: The bond that link nks two monosacharide units in a carbohydrate is called glycosidic…
Q: Consider a uniport system where a carrier protein transports an uncharged substance A across a cell…
A: The following equation describes the mathematical relation for the change in free energy () SHAPE…
Q: 2. An enzyme-catalyzed reaction has a Km = 120 μM. At what substrate concentration would this…
A: In enzyme kinetics, the Michaelis-Menten constant, or Km, is a parameter that characterises the…
Q: Which of the following is not a CYP450 catalyzed oxidation/reduction reaction? O A. deamination OB.…
A: The Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzymes are a group of enzymes that play a crucial role in the…
Q: Draw the chemical mechanism (with electron-pushing arrows) for the addition of an RNA nucleotide…
A: The process by which m RNA is synthesized from DNA is known as transcription. RNA polymerases are…
Q: The concentrations of ATP, ADP, and P; differ with cell type. Consequently, the release of free…
A: Since conditions inside the cell are different than standard temperature and pressure, biochemists…
Q: 2. ATP is our energetic molecule of choice! We should think about its structure and how it gets…
A: ATP is the energy currency that a cell spends on metabolic transactions. ATP is a nucleotide. Its…
Q: 6. List the main similarities and differences between transposons, retrotransposons, group II…
A: Retroviruses are RNA viruses that use reverse transcriptase to convert their RNA genome into DNA…
Q: Finish the sentence alpha helical secondary structures in proteins Are connected by beta- turns Are…
A: Secondary structure is the ordered arrangement or conformation of amino acids in localized regions…
Q: As a result of the rotation about its six bonds, DNA can exist in a variety of forms. Determine…
A: There are 3 major DNA variants. They are A-DNA, B-DNA and Z-DNA. In all these variants, A pairs…
Q: Name the monosaccharides in the images by placing the appropriate terms. CH₂OH OH OH ОН OH…
A: Carbohydrates are of various types. Based on the number of carbohydrate molecules, it is of 3 types,…
Q: What might happen to someone if their cells no longer recognized ghrelin's message? they would never…
A: Ghrelin is a hormone produced mainly by the stomach and, to a lesser extent, by other tissues in the…
Q: How does Foldit Protein Folding Game use puzzles like Design, De Novo, Revisiting, help in…
A: The Department of Biochemistry and the Center for Game Science at the University of Washington…
Q: Glucose generally exists in ring (cyclic) form. A Haworth projection shows the orientations of the…
A: Glucose is a monosaccharide and classified as an aldohexose since it contain 6 carbon atoms along…
Q: If the gene for myoglobin is "knocked out" in mice (so that the mice can no longer produce…
A: If the gene for myoglobin is knocked out in mice, causing them to be unable to produce myoglobin,…
Q: 25.4 Would you expect to find the highest concentration of each of the following in raw domestic…
A: Would you expect to find the highest concentration of each of the following in raw domestic…
Q: This is the answer key from the teacher and the highlighted parts are the correct answer for the…
A: Enzymology relies on the fundamental idea of Michaelis-Menten kinetics. It covers the interactions…
Q: Which of the following are characteristics of isoprenoid lipids? double bonds are mostly cis. methyl…
A: A type of organic molecules known as isoprenoid lipids is made up of two or more hydrocarbon units,…
Step by step
Solved in 3 steps
- Consider regulation of glycolysis vs gluconeogenesis in the liver. Which of the following are more likely to promote the activity of gluconeogenesis rather than glycolysis? (select all that apply) Group of answer choices An increase in the ATP/AMP ratio A decrease/lack of F-2,6-BP The cell is in a low energy state Insulin signaling Glucagon signaling An abundance of citric acid cycle intermediates (i.e. citrate) Intense exercise Inhibition of pyruvate carboxylase FastingFalling energy levels increase the cellular AMP/ATP ratio, priming AMPK for activation by the liver kinase B1 (LKB1). AMPK phosphorylates multiple targets with the cumulative effect of blocking anabolic reactions and stimulating energy-generating catabolic pathways. Group of answer choices True FalseWhy would LDH be up- or down-regulated depending on location of cancer cells? Anaerobic cancer cells enhance rates of ATP production and rely on pyruvate to lactate conversion. LDH5 expressed can vary in favoring pyruvate for conversion to lactate (anaerobic metabolism). Aerobic compartments in newly formed fibrobasts and vessels use lactate to convert to pyruvate for oxidative phosphorylation and favor lactate conversion to pyruvate by LDH1 (aerobic metabolism). Lactate dehydrogenase is upregulated in both cancer cells and supporting stroma and vessels, thus only LDH5 is upregulated showing enhanced expression levels and thus presence at the plasma membrane to increase levels of lactate for export, LDH1 levels are always consistent. LDH1 is upregulated in response to the export of lactate by MCT1, while LDH5 is down-regulated Neither LDH1 or LDH5 are both consistently expressed, regardless of oxygen levels
- What would you expect if a patient carries a mutation in Hexokinase IV (HKIV) that lowers the Km from 10mM to 4mM? O HKIV is still regulated by its product G6P so nothing will change This change is irrelevant since HKIV is only expressed in muscle cells mutant HKIV will have a greater change in reaction velocity in response to change in Glucose levels O mutant HKIV will have a reduced change in reaction velocity in response to change in Glucose levels O Mutant HKIV will always be less saturated by glucose compared to WT HKIVDigoxin, a toxin derived from the foxglove (shown), can be used to treat heart disorders such as atrial fibrillation. Digoxin’s mechanism of action is to inhibit the Na+/K+ ATPase. Which of the following is the most likely side effect of Digoxin treatment? Failure to transport glucose into cells during an extended fast Failure to transport glucose into cells after after eating a large meal Enhanced response of muscle cells to Acetylcholine Failure to transport Cl- out of the cell using direct active transportInsulin signals activate all of the following enzymes except: Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) Protein kinase B (PKB; or Akt) All of the above enzymes are activated by insulin signals Citrate move in and out of mitochondria via a specific transport protein. What would happen if aninhibitor completely inhibited this transport system? Fatty acid biosynthesis would slow down Ketone body synthesis would slow down Both A and B Neither A nor B
- Which is true about the regulation of glycogen phosphorylase? Glycogen phosphorylase is regulated differently in different parts of the body Glycogen phosphorylase can be activated by AMP in some cases. QA. Glycogen phosphorylase is activated by a kinase. Glycogen phosphorylaseis found in three forms in the liver. OE. a, b, and cA patient has a defective liver FBPase-2 enzyme, the enzyme that converts F2,6P into F6P. This enzyme is inactive. What effect would this have on the differential regulation of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis in liver cells? How would this affect a person's ability to respond appropriately to a low blood sugar state? What about a high blood sugar state?Which of the following are correct responses to low cellular energy charge? Choose all that apply. a Decreased catalytic activity of pyruvate carboxylase b Decreased flux through the citric acid cycle C d e Multiple answers: Multiple answers are accepted for this question f & Increased PDH complex activity Decreased use of citrate for fatty acid synthesis Decreased catalytic activity of pyruvate kinase Decreased activity of PDH kinase Decreased conversion of oxaloacetate to malate
- A major pathway for metabolism of ethanol is shown below. Humans consuming a large fraction of their calories in the form of ethanol may become hypoglycemic. This is because: Ethanol is a good solvent, and it dissolves the membranes of the mitochondria, where some of the gluconeogenic enzymes reside. b. Ethanol metabolism indirectly inhibits pyruvate kinase, by consuming NAD. d. Ethanol metabolism indirectly inhibits lactate dehydrogenase, by consuming NAD. f. The assertion in the question is incorrect, because acetyl-CoA can be used for synthesis of glucose. g. Ethanol metabolism indirectly inhibits pyruvate carboxylase, by consuming NAD. h. Ethanol metabolism indirectly inhibits phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, by consuming NAD.An individual developed a condition characterized by progressive muscular weakness and aching muscle cramps. Fasting. exercise, and a hiyh-fat diet aggravated the symptoms. The homogenate of a skeletal muscle specimen from the patient oxidized added oleate more slowly than did control homogenates consisting of muscle specimens from healthy individuals. When the pathologist added carnitine to the patient's muscle homogenate, the rate of oleate oxidation equaled that in the control homogenates. Based on these results, the attending physician diagnosed the patient as having a carnitine deficiency. Why did added carnitine increase the rate of oleate oxidation in the patient's muscle homogenate? The carnitine shuttle transports coenzyme A across the mitochondrial membrane to aid in fatty acid oxidation. Carnitine is a required cofactor for the fatty acid oxidation enzyme acyl-CoA dehydrogenase. The carnitine-mediated entry of fatty acids into mitochondria is the rate-limiting step in fatty…What type of regulation would be expected when anaerobic metabolism is occurring in the muscle? Select all that apply. 1. Activation of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 2. Increased levels of calcium to activate pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase 3. Phosphorylation of pyruvate dehydrogenase 4. Inhibition of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex 5. Increased levels of NADH to activate citrate synthase 6. Increased levels of NADH to inhibit alpha-ketogluterate dehydrogenase complex 7. Increased levels of acetyl CoA to activate pyruvate carboxylase for gluconeogenesis