Which of the following is an aldo-tetrose?* НО H НО Н Н OH -OH H -OH -ОН н OH CH2OH CH₂OH (a) Н Н НО H (d) О А B О с D OE c=0 н -OH CH₂OH (b) (e) НО НО H- CH₂OH C=O H H OH CH2OH (c) H Н CH2OH Т c=0 OH OH CH₂OH
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- Dehalogenase enzymes catalyze the clevage of C-X bonds. One such dehalogenase catalyzes the following reaction. An active site aspartate is thought to carry out the initial nucleophilic attack that expels the chloride. Select the most likely intermediate in the reaction. (Note the stereochemistry. Refer to P11.19 in the textbook if needed.) O O A C D OE -CH₂ H H₂C™ CO₂ H B CO₂ CI N H₂O Cr CO₂ H CO₂ нотум CH3 D CO₂ five N E CH₂Which of the following is an anomer of B-D-gulopyranose? O O го ОН H ОН H ОН H H ОН CH₂OH -II- H H ОН ОН CH2OH H ОН ОН CH2OH О 0. H CH2OH то Н H H ОН H H - о H ОН ОН H ОН H ОН ОН H О ОН ОН H NCeruloplasmin is a blue-colored monomeric oxidase found in mamma- lian blood plasma. It contains multiple copper atoms per mole- cule. A ribbon representation of its three-dimensional shape is shown below: a) b) c) Identify any cofactor(s) which ceruloplasmin may possess. How do you know? Does ceruloplasmin act as an enzyme ? Describe the secondary, tertiary and quaternary structures of ceruloplasmin.
- The anomer of a-D-glucopyranose is CH:OH он ÓH CH2OH он он он он CH,OH он он он он CH,OH он OH он ÓH ÇH;OH он он он онDetermine whether the following reactions will be spontaneous under standard biochemical conditions. Include calculations for Delta G in your answer. Use Table 13-7 in your textbook to help you.a) 2NADH + 2H+ + O2 --> 2NAD+ + 2H2Ob) Malate + FAD --> Oxaloacetate + FADH2c) Pyruvate + H2S --> Lactate + SDraw the enediolate intermediate of the ribulose-5-phosphate isomerasereaction (Ru5P → R5P).
- Acid phosphatases are an important group of enzymes that can be detected in human blood serum. Under slightly acidic conditions (pH 5.0), this group of enzymes can hydrolyze biological phosphate esters as follows: R-O-P-O;² + H 20 → R-OH + HO-P-O;² Acid phosphatases are produced and can be detected in erythrocytes, kidney, spleen, the liver, and prostrate gland. The enzyme from the prostrate gland is clinically important because an increased activity in the blood is frequently an indication of cancer of the prostrate gland. Tartrate ion can strongly inhibit the phosphatase from the prostrate gland, but not acid phosphatases from other tissues. How can you use the information above to develop a specificEnalapril is an anti-hypertension "prodrug" (i.e, a drug precursor) that is inactive until the ethyl ester (arrow in figure) is hydrolyzed by esterases present in blood plasma. The active drug is the dicarboxylic acid ("enalaprilat") that results from this hydrolysis reaction. (a) Enalapril is administered in pill form, but enalaprilat must be administered intravenously. Why do you suppose enalapril works as a pill, but enalaprilat does not? EtOOC -NH CH3 HOOC Enalapril (b) Enalaprilat is a competitive inhibitor of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), which cleaves the blood-pressure regulating peptide angiotensin. ACE has a KM = 12 µM for angiotensin, which is present in plasma at a concentration of 75 µM. When enalaprilat is present at 2.4 nM, the activity of ACE in plasma is 10% of its uninhib- ited activity. What is the value of K; for enalaprilat?A reaction involved in the metabolism of sugars is the splitting of fructose-1,6-diphosphate to give glyceraldehyde-3- phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate. In the living system, this retro-aldol is catalyzed by an enzyme called aldolase; however, it can also be catalyzed by a mild base. Propose a mechanism for the base-catalyzed reaction. CH,-0-P-0- CH,-0-P-0- C=0 C=0 CH,OH dihydroxyacetone phosphate HO-C-H aldolase or "OH H-C-OH H-C-OH H-C-OH CH,-0-P-0- CH2-0-P-0- fructose-1,6-diphosphate glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
- Acid phosphatases are an important group of enzymes that can be detected in human blood serum. Under slightly acidic conditions (pH 5.0), this group of enzymes can hydrolyze biological phosphate esters as follows; R-O-P-O3-2+ H 20 OR-OH + HO-P-O3-2. Acid phosphatases are produced and can be detected in erythrocytes, kidney, spleen, the liver, and prostate gland. The enzyme from the prostate gland is clinically important because an increased activity in the blood is frequently an indication of cancer of the prostate gland. Tartrate ion can strongly inhibit the phosphatase from the prostate gland, but not acid phosphatases from other tissues. How can you use the information above to develop a specific procedure for measuring the activity of the acid phosphatase of the prostate gland in human blood serum?a) 2-Hydroxy-carboxylic acids in the citric acid cycle and in glycolysis (3 answers): b) how do the ring systems in tryptophan (indole ring) and in histidine (imidazole ring) fulfill the Hückel rule? c) How does the aromatic state affect the basicity of the ring nitrogens?An octapeptide was hydrolyzed and the amino acids separated. Its amino acid composition was determined: Gly (1); Ala (2); Val (1); Lys (2); Met (1); Asp (1). After incubation with FDNB and hydrolysis, 2,4-dinitrophenylalanine was detected. NO2 H H N C COOH ON- CH, Treatment with cyanogen bromide, which cleaves at M, resulted in two fragments: a pentapeptide containing two K residues and a tripeptide containing V, G, and A. The residues are not listed in any particular order. After treatment with trypsin, which cleaves at R and K, there were three fragments: two dipeptides and MGAV. What is the sequence of the octapeptide? Use the one-letter abbreviations for the amino acids, and do not use dashes.