Visit this link (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/hormonebind) to watch an animation of the events that occur when a hormone binds to a cell membrane receptor. What is the secondary messenger made by adenylyl cyclase during the activation of liver cells by epinephrine?
To write:
The secondary messenger made by the adenylyl cyclase during the activation of liver cells by epinephrine.
Introduction:
Epinephrine is a hormone produced by the adrenal glands. It plays an important role in the fight-or-flight response by increasing the blood flow. Secondary messengers are the intracellular signaling molecules released by the cell in response to exposure to extracellular signaling molecules.
Explanation of Solution
The secondary messenger made by the adenylyl cyclase during the activation of liver cells by epinephrine is the 3', 5'- cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) which is an important secondary messenger for many other biological processes also. The epinephrine binds to the receptor outside the liver cell bringing a conformational change which in turn allows the binding of the G protein. This makes the adenylate cyclase and ATP to bind. The adenylate cyclase breaks down ATP into cAMP which then becomes in secondary messenger in the breakdown of glycogen to glucose.
Thus, cAMP is the secondary messenger produced during the breakdown of glycogen to glucose in the liver.
Want to see more full solutions like this?
Chapter 17 Solutions
Anatomy & Physiology
Additional Science Textbook Solutions
College Physics
Concepts of Genetics (11th Edition)
Human Anatomy & Physiology
Biology: Life on Earth with Physiology (11th Edition)
Campbell Biology (10th Edition)
Becker's World of the Cell (9th Edition)
- Place the following steps (showing how a steroid hormone changes the activities of its target cells) in order of what happens first, second, third, fourth, and last. Refer to image. The hormone-receptor complex enters the nucleus of the cell and binds to the DNA. The steroid hormone passes through the cell membrane. The hormone attaches to a receptor in the cytoplasm, forming a hormone-receptor complex. A gene in the DNA is activated, and transcription and translation take place. Proteins that alter the cell′s activities, such as enzymes, are made. 2. Place the following steps (showing how a hydrophilic hormone changes the activities of its target cells) in order of what happens first, second, third, and last. Refer to image. The activity of the target cell is changed by the final enzyme in the cascade. The second messenger activates or deactivates certain enzymes in a cascade fashion. A second messenger is activated. Hormone binds to a receptor protein.arrow_forwardExplain how mutations in the following proteins might result in either loss of responsiveness to a given hormone or production of a continuous signal even in the absence of the hormone a defect in a G protein that renders the GTPase activity inactive.arrow_forwardExplain how mutations in the following proteins might result in either loss of responsiveness to a given hormone or production of a continuous signal even in the absence of the hormone: a mutation in the regulatory (R) subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase, making R incapable of binding to the catalytic (C) subunitarrow_forward
- Practice question 1B) Mutations in the signalling pathways depicted above have been associated with an increased incidence of several types of cancer. Individuals with the se cancers may be treated with one of the following chemotherapeutic drugs. Complete the table below about their me chanisms of action. In which cellular Which process is targeted first compartment/structure/organelle by this drug? Drug Drug's mechanism of action does this proce ss occur? (replica tion, mitosis, transcription, translation, or If more than 1 location, be sure to specify ALL relevant locations. none of the above)? A Inhibits microtubule assembly Create inter- or intra-strand crosslinking in DNA preventing strand separation Inhibits synthesis of non-essential amino acids Drug CH3 HN HN PPPO O N. PPPO O OH OH 5-deoxythymydine triphosphate (DTTP) 5-deoxyuridine triphosphate (DUTP)arrow_forwardWhat is the difference between a G protein and a receptor tyrosine kinase? Give an example of a hormone that uses each.arrow_forwardPractice question 1F) In the above signalling diagram, hormone H binds to both an intracellular and a cell surface receptor. Initially you assume that homone H must therefore be a small hydrophobic molecule. However, further analysis revealed that it is a large hydrophilic molecule. Knowing this, what would you need to add to this diagram to accurately reflect how these signalling events are possible and why? The csRu MRNA and protein are represented in the diagram below. MRNA 5' AUG 3' ribosome protein DNA ligand binding domain signal kinase transmembrane domain domain binding sequence domain cytoplasm plasma membrane extracellular fluidarrow_forward
- In the liver and muscle cells, epinephrine stimulates the release of glucose from glycogen by inhibiting glycogen synthesis and stimulating glycogen breakdown. Outline the signaling events that occur after epinephrine binds to its receptor and the resultant increase in the concentration of intracellular cAMP and release of glucose.arrow_forwardWhich statement correctly identifies how a lipid-soluble hormone that diffuses from the blood and through the interstitial fluid identifies which cells in the tissue to act upon? O The cell closest to the diffusion site. O The presence of a receptor located in the cytoplasm or nucleus specific to the hormone in cells. O The presence of a receptor embedded in the plasma membrane of target cells. O The presence of a channel protein embedded in the plasma membrane for the lipid-soluble hormone to diffuse through. Save for Later 80 F3 F4 F5 F6 8 F7 Attempts: 0 of 3 used F8 F9 Submit Answer F10arrow_forwardPlease identify the incorrect statement about hormone signaling: A) Cystolic receptors bind to hydophobic hormones and transport them into the nucleus where they directly influence protein synthesis. B) Hydropholic hormones cannot pass through the plasma membrane without help. Therefore, there are transport proteins that carry the hydrophillic hormones to the cytosol where it can bind its receptor C) Hydrophilic hormone signalling involves membrane receptors that have the ability to activate adenylyl cyclase, producing cAMP. cAMP then affects the activity of numerous proteins in the cytoplam. D) Hydrophobic hormones easily enter the plasma membrane. Therefore, there is no need for hydrophinic hormone receptors to be on the extracellular surface.arrow_forward
- Why is the fact that a monomeric hormone binds simultaneously to two identical receptor molecules, thus promoting the formation of a dimer of the receptor, considered remarkable?arrow_forwardExplain how mutations in the following proteins might result in either loss of responsiveness to a given hormone or production of a continuous signal even in the absence of the hormone: a mutation in a growth factor receptor with protein kinase activityarrow_forwardname and describe the isoforms of the leptin receptor.arrow_forward
- Anatomy & PhysiologyBiologyISBN:9781938168130Author:Kelly A. Young, James A. Wise, Peter DeSaix, Dean H. Kruse, Brandon Poe, Eddie Johnson, Jody E. Johnson, Oksana Korol, J. Gordon Betts, Mark WomblePublisher:OpenStax CollegeHuman Physiology: From Cells to Systems (MindTap ...BiologyISBN:9781285866932Author:Lauralee SherwoodPublisher:Cengage Learning