Concept explainers
ercise 8.7 Penicillin, an important antibiotic (antibacterial agent), was discovered accidentally by the Scottish bacteriologist Alexander Fleming in 1928, although he was never able to isolate it as a pure compound. This and similar antibiotics have saved millions of lives that would otherwise have been lost to infections. Penicillin, like many of the molecules produced by living systems, is a large molecule containing many atoms. One type of penicillin, penicillin F, has the formula
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Chapter 8 Solutions
Introductory Chemistry: A Foundation
- The compound hexaazaisowurtzitane is one of the highest-energy explosives known (C E News, Jan. 17, 1994, p. 26). The compound, also known as CL-20, was first synthesized in 1987. The method of synthesis and detailed performance data are still classified because of CL-20s potential military application in rocket boosters and in warheads of smart weapons. The structure of CL-20 is In such shorthand structures, each point where lines meet represents a carbon atom. In addition, the hydrogens attached to the carbon atoms are omitted; each of the six carbon atoms has one hydrogen atom attached. Finally, assume that the two O atoms in the NO2 groups are attached to N with one single bond and one double bond. Three possible reactions for the explosive decomposition ofCL-20 are i. C6H6N12O12(s)6CO(g)+6N2(g)+3H2O(g)+32O2(g) ii. C6H6N12O12(s) 3CO(g) + 3CO2(g) + 6N2(g) + 3H2O(g) iii. C6H6N12O12(s) 6CO2(g) + 6N2(g) + 3H2 (g) a. Use bond energies to estimate E for these three reactions. b. Which of the above reactions releases the largest amount of energy per kilogram of CL-20?arrow_forwardAmong the following, identify all hydrates and anhydrous compounds: NiSO4.6H2O, KCl, Na3PO4.12H2Oarrow_forwardContrast the two general types of chemical compounds in terms of their general physical properties.arrow_forward
- Sodium ions, Na+, form ionic compounds with fluoride ions, F, and iodide ions, I. The radii of these ions are as follows: Na+ = 116 pm; F = 119 pm; and l = 206 pm. In which ionic compound, NaF or Nal, are the forces of attraction between cation and anion stronger? Explain your answer.arrow_forward2.61 Name the following covalent compounds: (a) N2O5, (b) S2Cl2, (c) NBr3, (d) P4O10arrow_forward7.101 Lead selenide nanocrystals may provide a breakthrough in the engineering of solar panels to be efficient enough to be an economical source of electricity. Selenium is generally considered a nonmetal while lead is considered a metal. Is this distinction enough to suggest that this compound should be ionic? Explain your answer.arrow_forward
- What is the difference between sulfuric acid and hydrosulfuric acid?arrow_forwardLithium, Li, reacts with element X to form an ionic compound with the formula Li2X. a What is the formula of the compound you expect to form when aluminum, Al, reacts with element X? b Would you expect this compound to be ionic or molecular?arrow_forwardAs seen in the table, compounds containing an integer ratio of elements depend on how many cations combine with how many anions to form a stable compound. For example, in table 1, to form a NaCl compound, first Na ionizes from the Na+ cation which is having +1 positive charge, which will lose 1 electron, it is having +1 charge, this electron then goes to Cl and it will change to Cl- anion by gaining the electron, so here 1:1 ratio charge which means 1 Na+ combines with 1 Cl-1 to form NaCl. So here integer ratio is 1:1 for this sodium chloride compound. As listed in table 2, Mg(OH)2, the integer ratio is 1:2 which means, Mg is a neutral atom that loses 2 electrons and forms an Mg+2 cation, which combines with OH which gains 1 electron to form OH- anion, So here Mg2+ can combine with 2 OH- anion, so they both combine to form Mg(OH)2 which has integer ratio as 1:2 . Thus, atom forms as ions by losing or gaining electrons and combines together in whole number ratio to form stable…arrow_forward
- For salt (NaCl) and sugar (sucrose, C12H11O11) added to water, draw pictures of what you expect the atoms, ions and/or molecules to look like after each substance has been added to water.arrow_forwardSilicon is a metalloid element commonly found in Earth's crust. It helps form many different compounds, which have a variety of different properties and applications. One type of silicon-containing minerals is asbestos. Asbestos is resistant to heat and electricity, leading to its widespread use in manufacturing and the construction industry. Asbestos insulates buildings and makes them fire resistant. However, despite its usefulness, exposure to asbestos fibers or dust carries serious health risks that can cause respiratory disease or cancer. Another silicon-containing compound is orthosilicic acid. Unlike asbestos, orthosilicic acid seems to benefit human health. This compound readily dissolves in water and is biologically stable enough to be used in the human body. Scientists have found evidence that orthosilicic acid plays an active role in the maintenance of strong bones. The information above shows that silicon has both beneficial and detrimental effects on the human body.…arrow_forward
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