Large Molecules In the Structure And Functioning Of Cells Essay examples

Atoms are the basic units of matter and all life is based on them. Life on earth is based on the element carbon. It is a highly versatile atom able to form four covalent bonds with itself or other atoms such as hydrogen and water. Atoms combine to form molecules and those that are carbon based are referred to as organic molecules. Organic molecules occur in four different types in living cells; carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids. They are also known as hydrocarbons due to the presence of both hydrogen and carbon. Carbohydrates are made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in the ratio 1:2:1. They are important sources of energy and are classified in three main groups; monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides.

Carbohydrates have two functions which is, provides short term energy and structure in some organisms. They have an atomic makeup of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen, with a 2:1 ratio of Hydrogen to Oxygen. The monomer is a monosaccharide which contains a single sugar. A couple examples of this would be glucose, fructose, and deoxyribose which is found in DNA. Yet, foods with this monomer in it would be mostly fruits, candy, and soda. Carbohydrates also have a polysaccharide which is a polymer made of many monosaccharides strung together. Some examples of these are starch, glycogen, cellulose, and chitin. A starch is storage from glucose in plants(potatoes, pasta, waffles, and toast). Glycogen is storage from glucose in animals. Cellous is structure in plants (cell wall). Chitin is structure in animals (exoskeleton).

a. Proteins- macromolecules made of amino acids. Proteins have many functions in the body. Some sources of proteins are whole-grain cereals, dark breads,rice, beans, and meat.

The functional groups are called aminos and carboxyls. The linkage type is by using a peptide bond. The primary function of protein is build and repairs the body.

Carbohydrates are macromolecules which and contains carbon, hydrogen and oxygen (C,H,O). There are also two types of sugars, sweet soluble and starches which are non-soluble. Sugars can also be single or simple sugars.Carbohydrates can be found in a wide variety of foods such as pasta, wheat and grains, rice, potatoes, fruits and sugars. Carbohydrates are broken down into

Then, nucleic acids are made up of nucleotides and has the ability to make new cells. Finally, Lipids. Lipids are made up of glycerol and fatty acids. Lipids play a big role in the body, it provides cushion and insulation for the larger organisms in our bodies. All of these macromolecules and monomers are needed to make energy.

All submission will be ran through a plagiarism-checker) Due 4-13-1847. What are characteristics of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins? What do they look like? What are their functions?Carbohydrates- simple sugar. They are composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. They are also monosaccharides.Lipids- They are fats, oils and steroids. Lipids store energy and also helps in the synthesis of vitamins and hormones.Proteins- They are a long chain of amino acids. They are the most complex and most diverse chemical composition.Functions of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins Carbohydrates- provides energy as they are the bod’s main source of fuel, needed for physical activity.Lipids- Lipids are used for storage of energy and forming cell membranes.Proteins- They do most of the work in cells and are required for the structure, function, and regulation of body tissue and organWhat do they look like?Lipids- They have long hydrocarbon chains that determine the way they act.Carbohydrates- Molecules combines of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.Protein- A long chain of amino acids combined.48. What is metabolism? How are carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins metabolized? What role does enzymes play in metabolisms?Metabolism is the chemical process that occur within a living organism in order to maintain life.Carbohydrate metabolism- begins with digestion in the small intestine where monosaccharides are absorbed into the blood stream. Blood sugar concentrations are controlled by three hormones: insulin, glucagon, and epinephrine. If the concentration of glucose in the blood is too high, insulin is secreted by the pancreas.Lipid metabolism- are involved with Fatty Acid Oxidation to produce energy or the synthesis of lipids which is called Lipogenesis. Lipid metabolism is closely connected to the

This section will dealt with the main organic molecules in living things: carbohydrates, fats ( lipids ), proteins and nucleic acids.

The primary structure of a protein is simply the sequence of amino acids. The structure or

The two carbohydrates are polysaccharides (starch) and "simple sugars, or monosaccharide (from the Greek mono, single and sacchar, sugar), include glucose. "-2 The indicators of this lab are Benedict's solution, Lugol's Iodine, and Biuret's Solution. Benedict's solution needs to be heated to be accurate. Biuret's and Lugol's Iodine work at room temperature.

Fats belong to a group of mostly nonpolar, hydrophobic macromolecules known as lipids. The non-polarity of lipids is due the carbon-carbon or carbon-hydrogen bonds. Furthermore, fats (and oils) are also known as triglycerides because of their structure which consists of three fatty acids and one glycerol. What property a triglyceride has depends on the type of fatty acids it is made of.

There are four types of biomolecules, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Carbohydrates are large chains of sugar found in food and living tissues. This includes sugars, starch, and cellulose. They have the same ratio of hydrogen and oxygen that water has, 2:1. They are broken down to release energy in the animal body. Lipids are any organic compounds that are fatty acids and don’t dissolve in water but do in organic solvents. Fatty acids can be found in natural oils, waxes, and steroids. Proteins are macromolecules that do everything in the cell. They are tools and machines that make things happen. Nucleic acids are long strands of nucleotides, and function primarily in storage and transmission of genetic information. There are two types of nucleic acids, DNA and RNA. DNA is the genetic material of all cellular organisms, and RNA sends out messages from the information that is held in the DNA.

chemistry are unknown. They are believed to be proteins but that is yet to be

Most organic compounds in living organisms are carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids they are called macromolecules. Each of these macromolecules is made of smaller subunits. These subunits are linked by dehydration synthesis. Dehydration synthesis is an energy requiring process in which a molecule of water is removing and the two subunits are boded

The term ‘’Carbohydrates’’ is defined as the carbon compounds which contains hydroxyl groups in large quantities (King, 2013). Carbohydrates are those organic compounds which have the empirical formula CnH2nOn, or (CH2O)n (Fromm 1997). Carbohydrates are one of the four types of organic compounds in living cells that are produces during photosynthesis and are the important source of energy in both plants and animals (Ahmed 2014). They are built from monosaccharides. These monosacchradies are the small molecules that consists of three to nine carbon atoms and differ in size and in the stereochemical configuration at one or more carbon centers. The simplest carbohydrates also contain either an aldehyde or ketone compounds (freeman 2002). Carbohydrates are classified as simple and complex carbohydrates. The classification of carbohtdydrates is based on the chemical structure of the food and how fast it absorbs. Simple carbohydrates contains single or double sugars in their chemical structure whereas complex carbohydrates consists of three or more sugars (ahmed 2014). There are four major types of carbohydrates depending on their chemical composition.