Essay on Muskosceletal Physiology

Task2: The main tissue types of the body and the role these play in two named organs of the body.

| - osteoblasts begin to replace the fibrocartilage splint with spongy and compact bone, forming a bulge that is initially wider than the original bony shaft

2. How does cartilage differ from bone? How did each one feel when pierced with the knife?

12. What are the 3 types of cartilage and where would you find each type?

The skeletal system is made up of cartilage and bone. Both bone and cartilage are connective tissues, that is, they are composed of cells in a matrix with intracellular fibers. Just imagine connective tissue as a gelatin salad with grapes and coconut. The grapes would represent cells, the gelatin the support material for matrix, and the pieces of coconut the intracellular fibers. By changing the amounts of each ingredient and adding extra substances, we can produce a material that is very hard like bone and can withstand weight or softer like cartilage which can be used as a cushioning material. In this exercise, we will examine a fresh raw chicken bone to study bone

The bony collar of long bones helps them withstand compressive stress by the mechanism described in #4A above (i.e. hydroxyapatite, weight-bearing pillars). In addition, long bones also withstand compressive forces by virtue of the spongy ("cancellous") bone in the epiphyses. The interlocking network of bony plates (called "trabeculae") found in spongy bone help to distribute the weight of the body out to the tough bony collar of the diaphysis. In this way, bony plates act much like the trusses or struts in old-time railroad bridges which distribute the weight of the train evenly over the entire bridge.

Some examples include the following: clavicle, coccyx, femur, fibula, foramen magnum, mandible, maxilla, metatarsals, ossify, phalanges, radius, scapula, sternum, suture, tibia, ulna, and vertebra. All of these terms are associated with the skeletal system. The mandible, maxilla, and foramen magnum are located in the cervical vertebrae. The clavicle, scapula, and sternum are located in the thoracic vertebrae. The lumbar vertebra contains the humerus, ulna, and radius. The coccyx is located in the sacral vertebrae. The femur, fibula, metatarsals, phalanges, and tibia are located in the appendicular skeleton. The sutures are located in the skull. The vertebrae is the backbone of the body. Ossification is the formation of bone. These terms are important in knowing and learning the skeletal system.

Hard callus formation The soft callus is replaced with hard callus. It acts as a temporary splint to join the bone fragments together.

A fracture is simply a broken bone. When a bone breaks, the blood vessels, muscles and nerves around the site of the break will also be damaged.

The right humerus shows evidence of a transverse fracture, unknown if ante or post mortem, with teeth marks from scavengers. The right radius and ulna appear normal, with minimal damage from weathering and scavengers.

“A fracture is a break or disruption in the continuity of the bone that often affects mobility and sensation. It can occur anywhere in the body and at any age” (Ignatavicius & Workman, 2013, p. 1144). All fractures follow the same mechanism and require similar care regardless of type or location. (Ignatavicius & Workman, 2013, p. 1144)

Usually joint effusion of the metaphysic in the long bone such as the tibia, femur, and humerus is involved

Later in 415 BC, Hippocrates approach to fractures of humerus was noted in De Fracturis and also the Hippocratic Corpus (circa 440–340 BC). In Hippocratic mode of reduction for fractures of humerus (De Fracturis, VIII) the patient is made to sit on a high stool with a hanging rod in the armpit. Then the elbow is flexed with a scarf with heavy weights under the forearm extending the upper arm. The fracture is then manually reduced by the physician

The skeletal system is made up of bones and joints. Bones are a dry dense tissue that is composed of calcium phosphorous and organic matter. The bones are protected and covered by a layer of fibrous connective tissue membrane called the periosteum (Brown, et al., 2015, p. 1547). There are two basic types of bone tissue: Compact Bone and Spongy Bone. Compact bones are dense smooth bones, while Spongy bones are composed of small needle-like pieces of bones and open space. Bones are then categorised according to the shape of the bone into four groups: long, short, flat and irregular. Long bones characteristically are typically longer then they are wide and generally have a shaft with heads at either ends e.g. the humerus. They are mainly compact bones. Short bones

Osseous tissue contains specialized cells, cell products, and a fluid matrix. The distinctive solid, stony nature of bone results from the deposition of calcium salts within the matrix. Crystals of calcium phosphate account for almost two-thirds of the weight of the bone. The majority of