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- Which of the following mutations is MOST likely to cause cancer? A) a mutation that causes a cyclin gene to be expressed at all times during the cell cycle B) a mutation that causes an oncogene to be turned off so that no protein is made C) a mutation that causes a Cdk gene to be turned off so that no protein is made D) a mutation that causes a tumor suppressor gene to be over-expressedWhy would the failure of the p53 tumor supressor gene be more likely to cause cancer in a seventy year old person compared to a ten year old person? Group of answer choices A) The seventy year old is more likely to have pre-existing failures in cell cycle control B) cells divide more rapidly as people get older C) there are fewer mutations in genes controlling the cell cycle in older people D)the p53 gene never works well in old peopleWhich of the following is true of tumor suppressor genes? Group of answer choices a) If this gene is overactive, it becomes an oncogene b) If one of the alleles is mutated, there is usually little effect. Two inactivating mutations are usually required for loss of function (recessive mutation). c) If one copy is lost, the gene no longer functions (dominant mutation) d) Tumor suppressors genes usually cause mitosis or cell growth e) Tumor suppressor genes decrease apoptosis
- Which of the following statements correctly describes a characteristic of tumor-suppressor gene? a) they are frequently overexpressed in cancerous cells. b) they are cancer-causing genes introduced into cells by viruses. c) they encode proteins that help prevent uncontrolled cell growth. d) they often encode proteins that stimulate the cell cycle.In the pathway below, normal signalling driving cell division requires a mitogen (ligand), an RTK, Ras and proteins X and Y. Which of the following statements is true about the genes that encode the mitogen and Ras in healthy cells? mitogen active Ras protein CYTOSOL GTP active signaling protein Y active receptor active signaling protein X tyrosine kinase CELL DIVISONWhich of the following effectively describes the situation of someone with an inherited predisposition to cancer such as familial adenomatous polyposis or BRCA-associated familial breast cancer? Choose all that apply a) If they get malignant cancer, somatic mutations will not have been a factor b) Their cancer will most likely arise in their germ cells, not their somatic cells c) None of the answers effectively describes the situation d) Every cell of their body contains a gain-of-function allele of an oncogene e) Most cells in their body contain multiple cancer-causing mutations f) Every cell of their body contains a defective, loss-of-function allele of a tumor suppressor gene
- Why is p53 considered a tumor suppressor protein? Question 12 options: a) Because p53 normally detects breaks in DNA. b) Because p53 normally causes progression from G1 to S phase to halt until damaged DNA is fully repaired. c) Because p53 normally repairs breaks in DNA. d) Because p53 normally stimulates transcription of Repair Polymerase. e) Because p53 normally reduces the mutation rate of DNA polymerase.The "initiation" stage of cancer refers to: a) The stage where DNA is mutated, and permanent DNA damage occurs b) The stage during which the mutated cells develop into a malignant cell population c) The stage during which "promoters" enhance the further development of the mutated cells d) The stage during which cancer breaks away from the primary origin and metastasizesBRCA1 is a gene that codes for a tumor suppressor protein. If a person inherits a mutation in BRCA1, it greatly increases his or her risk of developing breast cancer. Are the cancer-causing mutations in the BRCA1 gene more likely to: A) not affect expression of the gene B) increase expression of the gene C) decrease expression of the gene
- Which of the following is an enabling characteristic for cancer that can increase the likelihood of both passenger and driver mutations? a) Increased angiogenesis O b) Tumor-promoting inflammation O c) Avoiding immune destruction O d) Genome instability acerD) The level of carbon dioxide increases with the level of available oxygen. 60) The TP53 gene provides instructions for making a protein called tumor protein p53. Known as the guardian of the genome, this protein acts as a tumor suppressor, which means that it regulates cell division by keeping cells from growing and dividing too fast or in an uncontrolled way. The p53 protein is located in the nucleus of cells throughout the body, where it attaches directly to DNA and plays a critical role in determining whether the DNA will be repaired or the damaged cell will self- destruct (undergo apoptosis). If the DNA can be repaired, p53 activates other genes to fix the damage. If the DNA cannot be repaired, this protein prevents the cell from dividing and signals it to undergo apoptosis. eg Suppose chromosomes in a skin cell are damaged by ultraviolet radiation. If the damaged genes do not affect p53, which choice correctly predict if the cell will become cancerous and why? No, the cell will…1. a)Proteins that stimulate/promote progression through the cell cycle are encoded by (oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes). Boldface one. b)Proteins that inhibit progression through the cell cycle are encoded by (oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes). Boldface one. c)What is the difference between a proto-oncogene and an oncogene? d)To cause cancer, proto-oncogenes require (1 or 2)allele(s) to be mutated and therefore are considered (dominant or recessive). The mutation results in a (loss or gain) of function. For each underlined pair, boldface one. e)To cause cancer, tumor suppressor genes require (1 or 2)allele(s) to be mutated and therefore are considered (dominant or recessive). The mutation results in a (loss or gain) of function. For each underlined pair, boldface one.