2.Regarding the glycolysis metabolic pathways covered in class:A. In the EMP metabolic pathway, what chemical is catabolized to form pyruvate? (1 step away)B. There are two products of step 4 in the EMP pathway. If they were not phosphorylated, how would youdescribe these as monosaccharides (for example, an aldohexose and a ketopentose)?C. In the TCA Cycle, what chemical is produced by catabolism of isocitrate? (1 step away)D. Describe the major differences between primary, secondary and partial oxidation metabolism in terms ofcell growth rate, (ii) oxygen consumption rate, and (iii) products formed.

Glycolysis is the primary step of cellular respiration. Glycolysis or EMP (Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas)…

Answered: 2. . Regarding the glycolysis metabolic…

Biochemistry

6th Edition

ISBN:9781305577206

Author:Reginald H. Garrett, Charles M. Grisham

Publisher:Reginald H. Garrett, Charles M. Grisham

Chapter27: Metabolic Integration And Organ Specialization

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 20P: Figure 27.3 illustrates the response of R (ATP-regenerating) and U (ATP-utilizing) enzymes to energy...

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1. The first step in the payoff phase of glycolysis is catalyzed by the enzyme glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, an enzyme that contains a nucleophilic cysteine playing a central role in the reaction. A) In the direction of gluconeogenesis, what reaction does this enzyme catalyze? AG° = -6.3 kcal/mol for this reaction in the direction of gluconeogenesis. Based on what you know about the substrates involved, provide two chemical reasons as to why the AGO of this reaction is negative.
1. Explain the reaction mechanism involved how glucogenic amino acids can yield either a pyruvic acid or an oxaloacetic acid. In what pathway will pyruvic or oxaloacetic acid be used and why is this pathway important? 2. Discuss the reaction mechanism involved how the -NH2 groups of amino acids are being metabolized. 3. Explain why gluconeogenesis under conditions of starvation or diabetes breaks down body proteins. Complete answer please. Thank you. |
2. If glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase in red blood cells is completely inhibited, which intermediates in glycolysis accumulate most? Please use the following equation and the provided information to explain your reasoning. AG=AG° + RTln [C] [D]d [A] [B]' Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate → Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + Dihydroxyacetone phosphate The standard free energy for the above reaction is: AG" = +23.9 KJ/mol T° = 298 R = 8.314 J mol-¹ K-1
3. Answer the following questions about the metabolic pathway shown below: glutamate dehydrogenase e NH3 0-C-C-cH2-CH2-C- 0-C-CH-CH2-CH2-C-O + H,O + NAD + NH + NADH + H (a) Label the correct substances as the substrate, enzyme, and co-enzyme. (b) Which of the six classes does the enzyme of this reaction belong to? Why? (c) What is the name of the first molecule in this reaction? (d) Which metabolic pathway is this reaction likely to be a part of? A. glycolysis B. deamination C. beta-oxidation D. fermentation
1. What is the common metabolic pathway of these three nutrients? Explain the process involved. 2. Make a flow chart diagram of each step in Glycolysis. Identify the biochemical reactions in each step and its corresponding enzymes and coenzymes. 3. What metabolic products are formed from pyruvate in each case: a) anaerobic conditions in the body b) anaerobic conditions in yeast c) aerobic conditions
4) Phosphofructokinase (PFK) is a highly regulated enzyme in glycolysis. ADP (and also AMP - adenosine monophosphate) bind to allosteric sites on PFK's structure, causing additional active sites (fructose-6-phosphate binding sites) to open. Conversely, ATP and PEP (phosphoenolpyruvate) bind to different allosteric sites, resulting in PFK's active sites closing. a) How does an allosteric activator work? What is the allosteric activator? When would it be important for PFK to be activated? Function: Allosteric Activator(s): Importance: b) How does an allosteric inhibitor work? What is the allosteric inhibitor? When would it be important for PFK to be inhibited? Function: Allosteric Inhibitor(s): Importance: c) How does this relate to the ideas of homeostasis and why does it make sense to control this system homeostatically? Use a specific example to make your comparison.
5. The isomerization of dihydroxyacetone phosphate to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate is necessary so that the two molecules generated from fructose-1,6-bisphosphate can proceed through the remainder of the glycolysis pathway. Draw a mechanism for this interconversion using generic acid/base catalysts. E-E CH,OH CHO НС—ОН CH2OPO,2- ČH2OPO,2-
create a detailed flow chart or diagram that will illustrate all the important features of the glycolytic pathway. I want you to place in your flow chart or diagram the following important information like: 1. the reactants and products of each step, 2. enzymes involved in each step, 3. important by-products generated in some steps, 4. type of the reaction of each step, 5. and the outline of the two stages of the pathway. Also, discuss briefly (4 sentences) how Galactose and Fructose enter the glycolytic pathway.
3.) As mentioned in the March1 outline a critical step in the glycolysis metabolic pathway (conversion for glucose to pyruvate that produces 2 ATP's) is the attachment of dihydroxyacetone phosphate to an isomerase enzyme via an iminium bridge (step1). There is a second step that takes the imine to the enamine that sets up the C-C formation reaction with an enol that you'll cover in two weeks. Show the mechanism for steps 1 (mild acid catalysis) and 2 (draw resonance forms for the iminium cation). In your mechanism, show the intermediate hemiaminal (carbinolamine). Step 2 may address one of the questions asked in Wednesday's class about the water taking out the N-H proton of the iminium cation versus a C-H proton? CH₂OPO3² E-NH₂ + O=C (step 1) CH₂OH Dihydroxyacetone phosphate Iminium (+) cation intermediate (step 2) Enamine (Enol) Intermediate H CH₂OPO32- E-N-C H C. OH H₂O E
1. Consider the oxidation of the fatty acid with the common name arachidic acid. a. Draw the structure of arachidic acid. b. How many turns of the fatty acid oxidation cycle is required for the complete oxidation of arachidic acid? c. How many moles of ATP are formed from one mole of arachidic acid if the acetyl CoA produced go to the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation? Assume 1 mole of NADH is equivalent to 3 moles ATP and 1 mole FADH2 is equivalent to 2 moles of ATP. Show how you arrived at your answer
1. A glycolytic substrate which is the precursor of the pentose phosphate pathway. 2. How many pyruvate molecules are derived from the hydrolysis of 3 glucose molecules. 3. The enzyme responsible for the 1st committed step in the glycolytic pathway. 4. The enzyme responsible for the cutting of the sugar on the nonreducing ends of glycogen branches. 5. The enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a two-carbon fragment from a ketose donor to an aldose acceptor in PPP.
Which class of enzymes catalyzes the following reactions? CH2- CH2- CH2 H2- C- CH2 AST CH2-C CH2 CH-NH + C=O + C=0 + CH-NH ČO0 Čo0 ČO0 ČO0" Aspartate Oxoglutarate Oxaloacetate Glutamate Select one: a. Oxidoreductase O b. Isomerase O c. Ligase d. Transferase

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