2. A 23-year-old Caucasian female presented to the emergency department (ER)with profuse watery diarrhea after consuming raw oysters in a restaurant. She described the diarrhea as 'rice water stool'. (a) Which type of specimen should be collected from this patient for diagnosis of disease? (b) Name the most probable bacteria that caused the diarrhea and give the name of the infection. (c) Suggest two treatments and two preventive measures for this infection. (d) Non-toxic strains of bacteria can acquire toxin genes from viral genome. Briefly describe the process during which the toxic genes from virus are incorporated into bacterial chromosome.
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- A 19-year old female presented at the ER with fever, vomiting, intense headache and stiff neck. a )List three bacterial pathogens that would most likely be the cause of these signs and symptoms. Briefly describe each pathogen. b) What treatment would you immediately start?As a result of the injury, the patient developed erysipelas on his leg. From the anamnesis it became clear that he had chronic tonsillitis. 1. What etiology should a doctor suspect? 2. What material from the patient is to be examined in the bacteriological laboratory? 3. On the basis of which laboratory diagnostic methods can establish a link between erysipelas and carriers of streptococcus in the throat? 4. On the basis of what criteria will the selected culture be identified?A serological test methods was conducted to determine typhoid fever using serum ( Widal test).Determine the bellow outcome; a.i) Interpret the results and it's limitations. ii) suggest the quality control observed in performing the test.
- Mrs Okello, 24 years old is brought to your health center with history of bloody mucoid stool, fever, vommiting and abdominal cramps.She resides near crude damping site (open waste disposal site) and looks malnourished and weak. (Assume she is so weal and she will be admitted)(a)What is the probable diagnosis of Mrs Okello.(b)Name the causative organism of Mrs Okello’s illness.(c)What factors could have influenced the acquisition or recurrence of this disease.(d)Describe the management of Mrs Okello at the health center.(e)What are the possible complications of this condition.2.Amoebiasis (infection with amoeba) is among the ten top conditions treated at many rural health facilities.(a)Give the pathogenic ……. that cause amoebiasis.(b)By use of a diagram illustrate the transmission life cycle of amoeba.((c)State five clinical features of a patient with amoebiasis(d)Briefly explain six general prevention and controls of amoebiasisA 3-year-old severely ill child was admitted to a hospital withsymptoms of diarrhea, fever, and malaise. Laboratory testing showedabnormal renal and liver values and anemia. She had no history ofprevious illness, and her food history was a recent meal of teriyakibeef consumed at a local restaurant.a. What was the probable pathogen?b. What was the likely source?c. What is the pathologic effect of the pathogen?Explain how the body (including cells, organs, organ systems) is affected by the bacterium called Neisseria meningitidis? Are there any long-term effects caused by the bacterium, even after recovery?
- The general public takes for granted the link between an infectious agent and a given infection Discuss the requirements established by Koch, the nineteenth-century German scientist, before ascertaining, for instance, that Helicobacter pylori bacterium is the cause of the gastric ulcer. Why is it so essential to meet these conditions?Biopsies from the liver and intestine of an otherwise asymptomatic35-year-old male show masses of acid-fast bacilli throughout thetissue. Explain the pathology going on here and provide apreliminary diagnosis.An investigation of an outbreak of diarrhea revealed that the proportion of cases eating in restaurant A was 85%, in Restaurant B was 15%, and in Restaurant C was 55%. The proportion consuming public water was 95%. A) Did the investigator collect adequate information to determine the source of the outbreak? Provide a relational for your answer. B) State at least one additional piece of information (data point) that you would like to have in order to determine whether the diarrhea is associated with the restaurants food or the public water.
- Which of the following is NOT true about strep throat?(a) It is caused by group A β-hemolytic Streptococcuspyogenes. (b) It can be acquired through droplet nuclei inhalationfrom active cases, healthy carriers, and family pets, aswell as from contaminated food, milk, and water.(c) Active cases can have inflamed and sore throat, swollenadenoids and lymph nodes in neck, pus-filled tonsillarlesions, fever, chills, headache, nausea, and vomiting.(d) Coughing and nasal discharge are common hallmarks ofstrep throat.(e) If immediate treatment with an antibiotic is not given,the patient has a risk of also getting rheumatic fever.Match the organism in column A to the symptom/manifestation in column B that fits it most appropriately. Use cach description only once. COLUMN A i) Plasmodium falciparum COLUMN B a) Toxic shock syndrome i) Crуpiococсus neоformans ii) Clostridium perfringens iv) Chlamydophila psyttaci v) Clastridioides dificille b) Dental caries c) Newborn meningitis d) Pscudomembranous colitis e) Dysentery vi) Staphylococcus aureus f) Fungal meningitis vii) Entamoeaba histolytica g) Surgical wound infections viii) Streptococcus mutans h) Gas gangrene ix) Streptococcus agalactiae i) Pneumonia acquired from birds x) Pseudomonas aeruginosa j) Malaria6. A patient presents with signs of sepsis. Which assessment finding would be least indicative of this condition? a) Fever b) Tachycardia c) Elevated white blood cell count d) Normal blood pressure