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- 5. The isomerization of dihydroxyacetone phosphate to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate is necessary so that the two molecules generated from fructose-1,6-bisphosphate can proceed through the remainder of the glycolysis pathway. Draw a mechanism for this interconversion using generic acid/base catalysts. E-E CH,OH CHO НС—ОН CH2OPO,2- ČH2OPO,2-1. What are the effects of pH and temperature to catalase? What is the optimum pH and optimum temperature for catalase? 2. Explain why the rate of reaction initially increases with increase in temperature then gradually declines as the temperature is further increased. 3. Is the rate of enzymatic reaction always directly dependent on enzyme concentration? Explain. 4. Explain the effect of substrate concentration on enzyme activity. 5. What is the effect of CuSO, on the enzymatic activity of catalase? 6. Is CuSO4 an activator or inhibitor? If it is an inhibitor, what kind of inhibitor is it?1. Write the ten reactions of the glycolytic pathway, naming all enzymes and providing the structural formulas of their substrates and products.
- 1. Y Pyruvate + Lactate Write down the name and the class of the enzyme, catalyzing this reaction. What are X and Y? Answer the question: Part of what process is this reaction? Is this reaction possible in aerobic conditions? Justify your answer.1. Put together the sequence of components (numbers) that form the glycolysis pathway and the linked reaction. Choose the sequence from the following metabolites. Also mention the step in which NADH/FADH2 is formed along with the number. > Acetyl Co.A > Glucose. > Pyruvate. Fructose – 1, 6-bisphosphate > Glucose – 6 – phosphate. > Phosphoenol – pyruvate. > 1, 3 – Bisphosphoglycerate. > Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate Fructose – 6 – phosphate > Glycerol 2-phosphate /2-phosphoglycerate. > Dihydroacetone – phosphate. > Glycerol – 3 – phosphate / 3- phosphoglycerate.10. what is the key enzyme of the pentose phosphate pathway also serving as the first enzyme of the oxidative phase of the said pathway yielding 6-phosphogluconate? please do not abbreviate
- 1. Put together the sequence of components (numbers) that form the glycolysis pathway and the linked reaction. Choose the sequence from the following metabolites. Also mention the step in which NADH/FADH; is formed along with the number. > Acetyl ÇoA > Glucose. > Pyruvate. > Fructose – 1, 6-bisphosphate > Glucose – 6- phosphate. > Phosphoenol – pyruvate. > 1,3– Bisphosphoglycerate. > Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate Fructose – 6– phosphate > Glycerol 2-phosphate /2-phosphoglycerate. Dihydroacetone – phosphate.8. The enzyme thiolase catalyzes one step in the ß-oxidation of saturated fats. One portion of the mechanism for this reaction is shown below. Describe the catalytic mechanism at work. (Note: "SCOA" is shorthand for the compound Acetyl-CoA) RCOCH₂COSCoA + HSCOA → H3C₂OSC0A + RCOSCOA HN NH CH₂ NH CH₂ CH₂ FS Grease NH3 H-SCO A NH CH2 CH₂ NH3 S Co A CH₂ NH 1 3 H-SCO A H3C SCO A NH3 a h-SCOA R-C S Co A CH₂ CH₂ C H₂ 0=0 HN NH + NH3 H₂C HN CH₂ NH CH₂ CH₂ 2 S Co A CH₂ NH NH3. Below is an image of sucrose. HO OH OH HO- HO OH OH НО (a) Using sucrose as a substrate, draw a schematic reaction for a general glycosidase. Explain whether your mechanism corresponds to an inverting or a retaining type enzyme. C :) (b) The two products can occur in a range of forms in solution. How many forms might you expect in this case, and explain how these interconvert. C 2
- 2. Regarding the glycolysis metabolic pathways covered in class: A. In the EMP metabolic pathway, what chemical is catabolized to form pyruvate? (1 step away) B. There are two products of step 4 in the EMP pathway. If they were not phosphorylated, how would you describe these as monosaccharides (for example, an aldohexose and a ketopentose)? C. In the TCA Cycle, what chemical is produced by catabolism of isocitrate? (1 step away) D. Describe the major differences between primary, secondary and partial oxidation metabolism in terms of cell growth rate, (ii) oxygen consumption rate, and (iii) products formed.17. Omeprazole is a bioprecursor prodrug that is activated by protonation to give active metabolite that inhibits H¨,K*-ATPase covalently. By using chemical equations show activation of Omeprazole and its reaction to inhibit the H*,K*-ATPase. CH3 H3CO. s=0 H3C HNN Omeprazole OCH3 18. The following compound is an open-chain prodrug of benzodiazepines which undergo N- dealkylation to triazolam. Using chemical equations show transformation of this prodrug to triazolam. H3C H3C CH3 CH3 triazolam open-chain prodrug of triazolam10. Glycolysis is a series of enzyme-catalyzed reactions that converts glucose molecules into pyruvate and yields a net of two molecules of adenosine triphosphate.Which molecule donates two phosphate groups to glucose to form fructose-1,6-bisphosphate in the early stage of glycolysis? Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) O Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) Guanosine diphosphate (GDP)