3. What is something noteworthy about the following sugar modifications in terms of theirstructure/function relationship?(a) Sugar alcohols. Draw an example and name it.(b) Deoxy sugars. Draw the most important one!(c) Glycosides. Draw an example.

Chemically carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones. They have the general formula :…

Answered: 3. What is something noteworthy about…

Biochemistry

9th Edition

ISBN:9781319114671

Author:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Publisher:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Chapter1: Biochemistry: An Evolving Science

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1P

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13. One or more of the compounds shown below will satisfy each of the following statements. Not all compounds may be used; some may be used twice. Put the letter(s) in the blank. (a) Found in chitin. (b) An L-saccharide. (c) The first residue attached to asparagine in N-linked glycans. (d) A uronic acid. (e) A ketose. CH,OH COO CO- H OH H OH ОН Н но OH OH H H но OH Но - CH3 óso, NHC- OH (a) (b) (c) CH,OH CH,OH CH,OH c=0 CHOH C=0 H-C-OH CH,OH но-с—н ČH,OH CH,OH (d) (e) (f) 우
1. By drawing, construct a model of glycerol and three short fatty acids: a four-carbon saturated fatty acid, a four-carbon unsaturated fatty acid, and a five-carbon saturated fatty acid. Perform three dehydration synthesis reactions to produce triglyceride. Research the structure of one steroid of your choosing, and build the steroid. Which functional groups are involved in the dehydration synthesis reactions in Step 2? What are the waste products in this reaction? What are the subunits of a triglyceride? What is the C:H:O ratio for fatty acid chains disregarding the carboxyl?
1. Make a series (at least 3) of drawings to show the three dehydration synthesis reactions that take place between the two Fatty Acids, the Phosphate Head and the Glycerol. Show the water molecules made. a) Label the following on the completed phospholipid: hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts of the molecule, fatty acids, phosphate group, and glycerol. b) Compare the structure of the phospholipid to that of a triglyceride. How are the two molecules Similar? How are they different? 2. Use the following vocabulary to label and draw a cell membrane: cytoplasm (cell lumen) extra-cellular fluid hydrophobic hydrophilic polar head non-polar tails a) How many O-H groups are there? And are the O-H areas of sucrose polar or non-polar? b) What is the term that is used to discuss how tightly or loosely an atom's nucleus has a hold of its valence electrons?
1. Examine the synthetic glycoprotein, Molecule A, shown below: Protein- OH OH OH OH OH ÓH OH Molecule A OH Draw the structures of the products obtained when Molecule A reacts under the following conditions. Justify your answer. If no reaction occurs, explain why. The monosaccharide rings that have not reacted may be represented by an “R" group. Mechanisms are not required. (а) Ammonium Carbonate, 5 days. (b) Excess Sodium Periodate. (c) 2,3-dinitrophenyl hydrazine under reductive amination conditions. NO2 O2N. „NHNH2 2,3-dinitrophenyl hydrazine
2. Draw the ringed form of D-glucose with the following modifications: (a) Convert to sugar acid at C-6. Name this one! (b) What if that molecule is modified to ALSO have a -COOH at carbon 1? Draw its Fisher projection and what it is named? (c) How might the COOH group(s) lead to new chemical functionality?
4. Amphiphilic Lipids. Detergents are small amphiphilic molecules that tend to form micelles in water. (a) Draw the structures of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and Triton X-100 (b) For each drawn detergent, indicate which portions (ends) of the molecules are hydrophilic and hydrophobic. Justify your answer (explain why hydrophilic vs hydrophobic). (c) Draw the micelle structure for one of the detergents. (d) Why does the detergent form a micelle and not a bilayer? Why do detergents denature proteins and remove grease from your clothing?
22. Describe the beta position of the hydroxyl group on the anomeric carbon in a cyclic sugar. (2
2) A. What is meant by energetic coupling? What is meant by the term phosphorylation and what role does phosphorylation play in energetic coupling? B. Describe at least one actual example of energetic coupling.
19. Which statement is TRUE of sphingolipid synthesis? 1.All of the carbon atoms of palmitate and serine are incorporated into sphingosine. 2CDP-sphingosine is the activated intermediate. 3CO2 is produced during the synthesis of ceramide from palmitate and serine. 4Glucose 6-phosphate is the direct precursor of the glucose in cerebrosides. 5Phosphatidic acid is a key intermediate in the pathway.
1. Calculate the pH of a 0.05 M solution of HCl. 2. Calculate the pH of a 0.1 M solution of NaOH. 3. Calculate the pH of an acetic acid solution in which [CH3COO - ] = 0.037 M and [CH3COOH] = 0.044 M. (pKa = 4.76) 4. You are conducting a biochemical experiment with an enzyme that has optimal activity at pH = 10.00. You decide to use carbonate (pKa1 = 6.38, pKa2 = 10.30) as the buffer to keep the pH stable throughout the enzymatic reaction. (Recall that the formula for carbonic acid is H2CO3.) You prepare a 0.5 M solution of carbonate buffer at pH = 10.00. Calculate the concentrations of the major carbonate species in your solution. 5. Calculate the pH of the buffer solution in which [H3PO4] = 0.038 M and [H2PO4 - ] = 0.046 M (pKa1 = 2.12, pKa2 = 7.21, pKa3 = 12.32). 6. Add 5.0 mL of 0.1 M NaOH to 80 mL of buffer from question 5 and calculate the pH.
3. Below is an image of sucrose. HO OH OH HO- HO OH OH НО (a) Using sucrose as a substrate, draw a schematic reaction for a general glycosidase. Explain whether your mechanism corresponds to an inverting or a retaining type enzyme. C :) (b) The two products can occur in a range of forms in solution. How many forms might you expect in this case, and explain how these interconvert. C 2
1. Consider the three-dimensional model of the tertiary structure of an enzyme below. Amino acids involved in binding are shaded blue, and amino acids involved in catalysis are shaded red. A. Suppose research has shown that amino acid 82 in the red shaded region is lysine, an amino acid with a positively-charged side chain. This lysine is critical for catalysis. Other studies have found that amino acids 12 and 62 in the blue region are both phenylalanine, an amino acid with a nonpolar side chain, and are critical for substrate binding. These amino acids are relatively close in the active site but are separated by 20-70 amino acids in the primary structure. Using what you know about protein structure, explain how amino acids separated in the primary structure can come close together in the active site. B. Use this information and figure 4.2 in your book to answer the following questions: Do you think changing amino acid 82, lysine, an amino acid with a positively-charged side…

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3. What is something noteworthy about the following sugar modifications in terms of their structure/function relationship? (a) Sugar alcohols. Draw an example and name it. (b) Deoxy sugars. Draw the most important one! (c) Glycosides. Draw an example.