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- 1. Why was the great oxygenation event important for mitochondrial development? a) In your own words, define symbiotic. 2. Chloroplasts and mitochondria both contain a circular DNA chromosome, and ribosomes. Why does this evidence support the theory of endosymbiosis as the mechanism for the origin of eukaryotic cells? a) Today, could mitochondria live independently of their eukaryotic cell host? Give two pieces of evidence to support your answer.5)Which of the following observations constitutes evidence that mitochondria evolved before chloroplasts? Mitochondria are aerobic. Chloroplasts are photosynthetic. Aerobic bacteria evolved before photosynthetic bacteria (cyanobacteria). Some protists have separately evolved their own plastids (chloroplast-like structures) through endosymbiosis of cyanobacteria, or even through endosymbiosis of photosynthetic protists. All Eukaryotes have mitochondria; only a subset of Eukaryotes have chloroplasts.1. Serial endosymbiosis is the most supported theory on how the first eukaryotic cells evolved from prokaryotic cells. The figure depicts the evolution of eukaryotic cells which include links to prokaryotic cells from early in the history of life. Identify the cellular structures involved in the connection of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. Describe the characteristics of the cellular structures that supports the evolutionary connection. а.
- 1. Which of the following is not an evidence that chloroplasts and mitochondria originated as prokaryotic endosymbionts of larger cells? * A. They contain circular DNA molecules not associated with proteins. B. Their membranes have enzymes and transport systems that resemble those found in plasma membranes of prokaryotes. C. Their ribosomal RNA is more similar to that of eubacteria than to eukaryotes. D. They contain their own genome and produce their own proteins. 2. Why does the endosymbiotic hypothesis maintain that chloroplasts may have at least three origins? It is because * A. Molecular systematics link the red line, green line and brown line to three different eubacteria. B. The chloroplasts of green plants show three distinct morphologies. C. The pigment composition and thylakoid arrangement cyanobacteria occur in three different arrangements. D. The phyla of algal protists can be divided into three…Endosymbioses that lead to the evolution of euglenoids and, separately, the evolution of chlorarachniophytes were the result of the combining of: a. two ancestral nonphotosynthetic prokaryotes. b. two ancestral photosynthetic prokaryotes. c. a nonphotosynthetic eukaryote with a photosyntheticeukaryote. d. a photosynthetic prokaryote with a nonphotosyntheticeukaryote. e. mitochondria with an already established plastid.1. How do members of Eukarya differ from the prokaryotic groups of Chp 26 (your text lists 4 major differences)? Do these differences represent a greater success and superiority of eukaryotic over prokaryotic cells? 2. Examine Figure 27.1 from your text. How does this phylogenetic tree show that "Protists" are paraphyletic? Hint: think about what the term "paraphyletic" means in your answer.. 3. Describe at least two impacts that protists have on humans and two ecological importance's protists have on the planet. 4. What is direct sequencing and how has it been used to discover new lineages in the eukaryotic group? Be specific! 5. What is the endosymbiosis theory and what are thought to have been the three main steps in the theory? What are thought to have been the two main steps in the nucleus formation? • Previous Next MacBook Pro G Search or type URL 23 %24 &
- 1. Why does the endosymbiotic hypothesis need to maintain that chloroplasts may have had at least three different origins? It is because a. the phyla of algal protists can be divided into three groups based on photosynthetic pigments and chloroplast structure b. molecular systematics link the red line, green line, and brown line to three different eubacteria c. the pigment compositions and thylakoid arrangement of cyanobacteria occur in three different arrangements d. the chloroplasts of green plants show three distinct morphologies 2. What do the banded formations in marine sediments indicate? a. Early cyanobacteria probably were producing oxygen when the sediment was deposited. b. The pH value of the early seas was quite low due to the excretion of organic acids from the fermentation by prokaryotes. c. Purple sulfur bacteria were the dominant life form in the seas during that time. d. The early atmosphere was very reducing. 3. How did the first gene develop?…50) Some protists, formerly united as the ʺamitochondriateʺ clade, have recently been shown to be rather diverse. Some of them possess neither mitochondria nor mitochondrial genes (and have been classified as fungi). Others possess no mitochondria, but do have mitochondrial genes in their nuclear genome. Still others have modified mitochondria (viz. mitosomes or hydrogenosomes). Which statement(s) represent(s) consequences of these recent findings? 1. The amitochondriates do not comprise a true clade. 2. The ʺamitochondriate hypothesisʺ concerning the root of the eukaryotic tree has been strengthened. 3. Just as there is a diversity of cyanobacterial descendants among eukaryotes, so too is there a diversity of alpha-proteobacterial descendants among the eukaryotes. 4. If the amitochondriate organisms continued to be recognized as a taxon, this taxon would be polyphyletic. 5. Horizontal gene transfer involving mitochondrial genes has occurred in some amitochondriate organisms. A) 1 only…According to Lynn Margulis's theory of endosymbiosis, bacteria entered large cells either as parasites or as undigested prey as illustrated. All the following are proof that mitochondria and chloroplast evolved from bacteria, except: Endosymbiosis in a nutshell: 1. Start with two 2. One bacterium engulfs the other. 3. One bacterium now lives inside the other. independent bacteria. 4. Both bacteria benefit from the arrangement. 5. The internal bacteria are passed on from generation to generation. O a they each have a double membrane they have chromosomes similar in shape to their host they are the size of bacteria their DNA is different from its host
- 3. Identify the 2 components of the Eukaryotic cell resulting from primary endosymbiosis and name the group of bacteria from which each came. 1) 2) Provide two different types of evidence in support of endosymbiosis. 1) 2)31. In the theory of endosymbiosis, the original host cell that engulfed and aerobically respiring bacteria, and a photosynthesizing bacteria is believed to be contain because these host cell candidates which are unique to cells. a. archaean; DNA; eukaryotic b. eukaryotic; ESPs; archacan c. prokaryotic; DNA; eukaryotic d. archaean; ESPs; eukaryotic e. prokaryotic; ESPs; archaean. law of thermodynamics states that the universe tends towards ; in order for3c. Describe the evidence suggesting mitochondria are descended from prokaryotic infections of larger cells.