7. How can two species be nearly identical with regard to genotype but very different phenotypically? How can variations in genotype (but not necessarily phenotype) lead to potential speciation?
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- 6 Create a concept map using the following terms/concepts: sympatric speciation, polyploid speciation, habitat differentiation, sexual selection, autopolyploid, allopolyploid. Add definitions for each term/concept and make connections where necessary.5. How might climate change affect the creation of new hybrid zones? 6. What is the difference between a punctuated pattern of speciation and a gradual pattern of speciation? 7. What is a possible genetic mechanism for gradualism? 8. What is a possible genetic mechanism for punctuated equilibrium?5. Darwin's finches evolved into many separate species on the Galapagos Islands, with the Pacific Ocean as a barrier to their interbreeding. Since the Pacific Ocean was a barrier between these islands before the ancestral finch first arrived, this represents which of the following pre-zygotic barriers? A. allopatric isolation by means of vicariance B. gamete isolation C. mechanical isolation D. habitat isolation E. allopatric isolation by means of dispersal
- 1. What is the effect of selection on reproduction, allelic diversity, and frequency? 2. What would happen if similar selection continued over several generations?1. Anagenesis (non-branching speciation), in which the ancestral and descendant populations do not co- exist in time, but might have occupied the same geographic area, is thought to have occurred in the case: A. of the evolution of several Hawaiian honeycreepers from a single Asian migratory species B. of the evolution of the polar bear Ursus arctos maritimus from the brown bear in Kamchatka C. of the evolution of 13 Galapagos finches from a single South American migratory species D. of the evolution of the proto-horse Merychippus from the near-horse Parahippus on prairies E. of the evolution of the arctic fox from the swift fox in tundra regions of North America33. Sympatric speciation differs from allopatric speciation in that sympatric speciation Group of answer choices is far more common than allopatric speciation requires geographic isolation in order to occur does not involve geographic isolation involves a reduction in gene flow between discrete groups of individuals belonging to the same species
- 14) Hybridization was not originally recognized as a mechanism of speciation by either Darwin or the researchers of the "new synthesis". However, today there are many examples of species that have originated through hybridization. What is the best explanation for why we have so many examples of species originating through hybridization? A) Hybridization is more likely to occur in regions where scientists have put in more effort studying speciation B) Hybridization occurs fairly regularly, and when it leads to new species only takes a few generations, which is fast enough for researchers to see fairly easily C) Hybridization is fairly easy to study in captivity D) Hybridization has been carried out frequently by farmers attempting to produce new, better species to grow 15) Anthropologist who study human evolution genetically have determined that populations of our species have gone through"founder effect" type events. What data would suggest that…3. Sympatric speciation, in which the ancestral and descendant populations occupy exactly the same geographic area, with potential for hybridization between them, was first demonstrated (for animals): A. in the evolution of the polar bear Ursus arctos maritimus from the Kamchatka brown bear B. in the evolution of several Hawaiian honeycreepers from a single Asian migratory species C. in the evolution of metal-tolerant Anthoxanthum odoratum from metal-sensitive ancestors D. in the evolution of 13 Galapagos finches from a single South American migratory species E. in the evolution of the apple-maggot fly Rhagoletis pomonella from hawthorn fruit flies6. Why does raising fruit flies on different food sources potentially lead to speciation?7. What evidence shows that sexual selection and mate choice can lead to speciation?8. What are hybrid viability and hybrid breakdown? 9. Why are donkeys and horses considered separate species even though they can mate?10. How does gene flow support the observation that sympatric animal species do not usually speciate?
- 1. Aside from the provided species concepts, if you are to MAKE YOUR OWN SPECIES CONCEPT, how would you define it? Discuss it and note that it should be your own definition for species concept, not others.10. Refer to the figure shown. Species Stripe Color 1 2 3 B. C R The figure shows the phylogeny of seven species of beetles (A-G) and whether the beetles have (?) or do not have (x×) one of three stripes. It also indicates the color of the beetle (R for red and G for green). Based on the phylogenetic tree and the principle of parsimony, the absence of stripe in species is most likely O 1; E and F; an evolutionary reversal O 2; E and F; due to convergent evolution O 2; E and F; a synapomorphy O 1; E and F; a synapomorphy O 1; E andF; due to convergent evolution4. Did the square nose of Species D and Species G come from the common ancestor?5. Is the square nose of Species D and Species G a homologous structure?6. Are the cat ears of Species D and Species F homologous structures?7. Are the smiles of Species E and Species G homologous structures?