a. How could you use sequence analysis to determine if this patient inherited the mutation from one of her parents or if it spontaneously occurred in her cells? (Unfortunately her parents have passed away.) b. How could you use sequence analysis to determine if this gene is a tumor suppressor or an oncogene? (For partial credit briefly define tumor suppressor and oncogene.)
Q: Can we treat cancer by restoring tumor suppressor function such as mutated p53 or pRb? If so, how…
A: The process by which a cell gives rise to two identical daughter cells is referred to as cell…
Q: Define tumor-suppressor genes. Why is a mutated single copy of a tumor-suppressor gene expected to…
A: The repeated and uncontrollable division of cells forms a large mass called the tumor. Tumors might…
Q: Why are some chromosomal regions amplified/deleted in a specific manner in certain tumor types?
A: Chromosomal amplification: Chromosomal amplification can be explained as the increase in the amount…
Q: Which of the following statements about tumor suppressor genes is FALSE? a) Inactivation of tumor…
A: False statement about tumor suppressor genes.
Q: Which of the following best describes a gene that codes for a tumor-suppressor protein? a. One that…
A: Cell growth is the process by which cells gain mass and expand in size. Animal cells that are…
Q: A normally functioning gene that regulates the cell cycle by stopping cell division is most likely…
A: Question - A normally functioning gene that regulates the cell cycle by stopping cell division is…
Q: Why is it important to model cancer through the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells ?…
A: Genetic transformation happens when the genetic composition of an organism is transformed by the…
Q: Which of the following is NOT an example of fail-safe mechanisms that prevent the irregular cell…
A: Cancer is the uncontrolled cell division where he ell continuously divides. Cancer cells thus become…
Q: a)Proteins that stimulate/promote progression through the cell cycle are encoded by (oncogenes or…
A: Hi! Thank you for the question. As you have posted a question with multiple subparts, I will be…
Q: What is the difference between an oncogene and a tumor-suppressor gene? Give some examples of the…
A: Cell proliferation, cell differentiation, and cell survival are under the control of some critical…
Q: Characterize the differences between tumor cells and normal cells in terms of the following…
A: A. The normal cell shows contact inhibition that means when two cells get contact then the growth…
Q: what category of cancer-related genes is it possible to find inherited variants that are associated…
A: Answer is option 3.
Q: Tumor Suppressor Genes are often called as gatekeepers because: a. They signify their involvement…
A: The correct option is a i.e.They signify their involvement in governing the dynamics of cell…
Q: Describe three popular methods for silencing tumor-suppressor genes.
A: Introduction Tumor suppressor genes are those that slow down the division and development of cells.…
Q: Define tumor-suppressor genes. Why is a mutation in a single copy of a tumor-suppressor gene…
A: Tumor-supressor genes: Tumor-suppressor genes is defined as normal genes that will slow down the…
Q: Compare and contrast oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes.
A: Oncogenes are those genes that have the potential to cause cancer. These genes are often mutated or…
Q: Explain about the Cancer-causing gene formed by a mutation in a proto-oncogene ?
A: In genetics, the mutation is defined as the changes or alteration in the DNA sequences which result…
Q: Please discuss the difference between cancers caused by tumor viruses and cancers caused by…
A: Cancer is a disease where cells grow or divide uncontrolly.
Q: Match the gene on the left with the gene category on the right.…
A: Genes Genes are the information coded in a DNA. They make our protein and enzyme. They are…
Q: Suppose Nicole recently learned that she inherited a mutant BRCA1 allele from her mother, who had…
A: BRCA1 is a tumor suppressor gene usually expressed in breast cells. It is responsible for repairing…
Q: . Explain why mutations in oncogenes are generally dominant while those in tumor suppressor genes…
A: Proto-oncogenes and tumour suppressor genes are two types of gene essential for the control of cell…
Q: Compare the usual functions of proteins encoded by proto-oncogeneswith those of proteins encoded by…
A: Proteins are macromolecules formed by the long chain of amino acids. They are involved in a wide…
Q: An individual can inherit a gene in which expression has been altered by an ________ change with no…
A:
Q: Distinguish between proto-oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes. To become cancer promoting, do…
A: Oncogene is a type of gene having the ability which can develop a cell to a tumor cell when…
Q: In some cancer cells, a specific gene has been duplicated many times. Is this gene likely to be an…
A: Cancer is an uncontrolled division of cell that has a defunct apoptosis mechanism. Usually, when…
Q: Mutations in proto-oncogenes that turn them into oncogenes tend to be dominant, while cancer-causing…
A: Tumor suppressor genes are the genes that suppress the formation of tumors in the cells or tissues…
Q: Why would a mutation in BRCA1 be considered a driver mutation? b. Based on what you’ve learned…
A: In this question, we have to answer 'BRCA gene consider as driver mutation and ATM consider as a…
Q: How would you relate the cancer cellular pathophysiology with genomic instability?
A: Cancer is a well-known disease these days. In the United States, one in every two women and one in…
Q: Define oncogene, proto-oncogene, and tumor-suppressor gene.
A: The most common gene in people with cancer is p53 or TP53. More than 50% of cancers involve the lost…
Q: Classify the following genes as proto-oncogenes or tumor-suppressor genes: p53, ras, Bcl-2,…
A: Proto-oncogene is a normal gene which have many different functions in the cell, like providing…
Q: Most forms of cancer involvea. the activation of a single oncogene.b. the inactivation of a single…
A: The medical condition of cancer is characterized by the abnormal growth pattern of the cells…
Q: What is the difference between a proto-oncogene and a tumor suppressor gene? How can mutations in…
A: Proto-oncogenes are normally switched off. But when they get activated they cause tumors. On the…
Q: Why don’t all loss-of-function mutations that are recessive at the cellular level behave as…
A: Loss of function mutation is otherwise known as inactivating mutations. This type of mutation is…
Q: Genetic instability in the form of point mutations, chromosome rearrangements, and epigenetic…
A: A mutation is a form of alteration in which a single change changes a nucleotide of nucleic acid. It…
Q: There are three broad categories of cancer-related genes: proto-oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes,…
A: It is an uncontrollable cell division that get metastasized into surrounding tissues.
Q: What are the major differences between a tumor initiator (e.g., DMBA) and a tumor promoting agent…
A: Cancer is a disease in which cells, almost anywhere in the body, begin to divide uncontrollably…
Q: Apart from p53, mention and describe the function of three tumor suppressor genes you know
A: The cancer related genes can be divided into two broad categories like the proto-oncogenes and tumor…
Q: Which of the following statements correctly describes a characteristic of tumor-suppressor gene? a)…
A: Cells that progress through the cell cycle unchecked may sequentially develop malignant tumors.…
Q: If a mutation occurs in an embryonic stem cell that alters cell proliferation there is potential for…
A: Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that have potential to develop many different types of cells…
Q: What were the key findings after modeling cancer through the generation of induced pluripotent stem…
A: The genetic information can be stored in the form of DNA, which may be converted into functional…
Q: Tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes are implicated in carcinogenesis. However, one can predict…
A: Oncogene is a gene that is responsible for the formation of cancer cells in the body. Mostly the…
Q: In the video, Cancer Warrior, all of the following experimental models were used EXCEPT: a.…
A: Cancer Warrior is the video of Dr. Judah Folkman struggle against the grain of many in the cancer…
Q: Explain Mutations in tumor-suppressor genes are recessive at the cellular level but dominant at the…
A: Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal growth of cells, which tend to proliferate in an…
Q: Cellular levels of tumor suppressor protein p53 is maintained by a ubiquitin ligase protein, called…
A: From the above information, we can make the following inferences - 1. p53, as indicated in the…
Q: Explain the difference between a proto-oncogene and a tumor-suppressor gene.
A: Cancer is the state of uncontrolled cell division.
Q: Discuss the challenges of producing anticancer drugs that counteract the effects of mutations in…
A: Tumor suppressor genes are the genes that decline the cell division process, acts in programmed cell…
Step by step
Solved in 3 steps with 2 images
- 4). p53 (sometimes called TP53 for “tumor protein 53") is a human tumor suppressor gene that is mutated in the majority of human cancers (many tumor types). a. For each of the mutations described below (i-iv): is this a mutation you would expect to find when sequencing p53 alleles from tumor cells? Why or why not? i. A missense mutation encoding a hyperactive form of the protein. ii. A deletion of the gene. iii. An insertion in the promoter that increases transcription 10-fold. iv. A nonsense mutation. b. When sequencing the p53 gene in tumor cells, would you expect to find only mutant version(s) of the gene or a mix of mutant and wild type versions? c. For any of the mutations you said you would expect to find in tumor cells, would you expect tumor cells to be homozygous (same mutation on both chromosomes)? Why or why not? d. Individuals with Li-Fraumeni syndrome have a very high risk of tumors originating in various tissues due to inheritance of a loss-of-function mutant allele of…On the image, you can see the results of a DNA microarray used for cancer prognosis, where tissue samples from healthy and cancerous tissues were analyzed. cDNA from healthy cells and cancer cells were labeled with green and red fluorescence, respectively, mixed equally, and hybridized with the chip. It is known that gene A is more highly expressed in breast cancer type I, while genes B and C have lower expression in type II, which is highly aggressive. Based on the gene expression levels shown in the image, the cancer sample does not correspond to either type I or type II breast cancer, why is that?From gene expression studies on cancer, you discovered a hypothetical gene called ABCG2 that is overexpressed in human cancer cells. You want to know if this gene is required for cancer cells to survive, but from your efforts at making a traditional gene knock out, you have found that it is required for embryonic development and can't get to the point of doing a cancer experiment. a. How can you redesign the knockout to get past embryonic lethality? b. How would you then use this mouse line to test if ABCG2 is needed for cancer survival?
- Mutations in the HPRT1 gene in humans result in atleast two clinical syndromes. Consult OMIM (www.omim.org) by querying HPRT1; you will only needto look briefly at the top three hits (files #300322,300323, and 308000).a. What is the full name of the HPRT1 enzyme?b. On which chromosome is the HPRT1 gene located?c. Mutations in HPRT1 are associated with two different syndromes. What are these syndromes? Foreach, answer the following questions: (i) What arethe symptoms associated with the syndrome? (ii) Isthe mutant allele that causes the syndrome dominant, recessive, codominant, or incompletely dominant with respect to the normal allele, or do specialconditions apply? (iii) Is the syndrome associatedwith a loss-of-function or a gain-of-function disease allele? (iv) Does the syndrome display allelicheterogeneity? (v) Does the syndrome display locus heterogeneity? (Note: You do not need to understand everything in the OMIM entries to answerthese questions.)The p53 gene was discovered in 1979, but it was not clear whether the gene functioned as an oncogene or a tumor-suppressor gene. Several years later, researchers showed that both p53 alleles are inactivated in some mouse cancers. This evidence suggests A. the p53 gene is an oncogene because inactivated alleles would produce mutated signal transduction proteins that would result in stimulating cell division. B. the p53 gene is an oncogene because the cell would overproduce transcription factors to compensate for the inactive alleles, resulting in increased cell division. C. the p53 gene is a tumor-suppressor gene because inactivated alleles indicate a loss of protein function which allowed the cancer to develop D. the p53 gene is a tumor-suppressor gene because the cell would produce too few transcription factors for gene activation, resulting in decreased cell division.Retinoblastoma is an extremely rare cancer of the retina in the eye. The disease mainly affects children up to the age of 5 years because it can only occur while the nerve precursor cells are still dividing. In its nonhereditary form, a tumor usually occurs in only one eye; in its hereditary form, multiple tumors develop in both eyes.To explore the basis for these differences, a cDNA clone of the Rb gene was used to probe the structure of the gene in cells from normal individuals and from individuals with nonhereditary or hereditary retinoblastoma. As shown in the figure Part A, normal individuals have four restriction fragments (A, B, C, and D) that hybridize to the Rb cDNA probe, indicating that each restriction fragment encodes at least one Rb exon. Samples from fibroblasts and tumor cells of affected persons show some differences in the patterns of hybridization, with some bands missing entirely and some bands present at half intensity. The order of the restriction fragments in the…
- Tumor-suppressor genes are normal human genes that prevent uncontrollable cell growth. Starting with a normal laboratory humancell line, describe how you could use transposon tagging to identifytumor-suppressor genes. (Note: When a TE hops into a tumorsuppressorgene, it may cause uncontrolled cell growth. This is detected as a large clump of cells among a normal monolayer of cells.)You have two patients. Both patients have very low levels of P53 protein. Patient #1 also has very low levels of MDM2 protein; patient #2 has very high levels of MDM2. For each patient briefly describe (briefly justify your answers); Which of the two genes are mutated?P53 or MDM2? Is this an oncogenic or tumor suppressor mutation? Would treatment of the patient with Nutlins be appropriate?There are dozens of common variations of the c-myc gene, which are associated with different types of cancer. Here are 3 variations of part of a sequence of the c-myc gene, located between nucleotides 180 and 201. The original sequence is given to you, as well as the sequences of 3 variations. The mutated nucleotide of each variation is annotated in gray. Use this information (picture) to answer the next two (2) questions 1. Which of the c-myc variations is least likely to cause a change in c-myc function?2. Which variation of c-myc produces a nonsense mutation?
- Researchers have identified some tumors that have no recurrent mutations or deletions in known oncogenes or tumor-suppressor genes and no detectable epigenetic alterations. However, these tumors often have large chromosomal deletions. What are some possible explanations that could account for the genetic causes behind these tumors?There are three broad categories of cancer-related genes: proto-oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, and DNA repair/stability genes. Distinguish between these three groups, then indicate which you think RB1 belongs to.Tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes are implicated in carcinogenesis. However, one can predict whether a gene potentially encodes for a protein that influences carcinogenesis by examining their mutational profile. You sequence the genome of 4 cancers and identify 3 genes of interest. Which of the following genes has the best potential to an oncogene? Tumor 1 Tumor 2 Tumor 3 Tumor 4 Gene A S24F, N465T R33T T345S, G366R P367E, P368Y Gene B S34R, F360I S34R V254I S34E, T67Y Gene C S24F, I322E C255I, E344D S34E, P367E