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Briefly discuss what measuring inequality involves, and provide two examples for doing so.
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- The theory of distributive justice that I found to be the most convincing was the Utilitarianism theory. In current times there is a large amount of economic inequality. It states in the textbook, "The top 0.1 percent of American families owns 22 percent of the nation’s wealth–exactly the same share as the bottom 90 percent" (Shaw, 2017, p. 85). The Utilitarianism theory believes that there should be a greater equality of income. They believe that if there was a more equal distribution of income, then the happiness of that population would vastly increase. The textbook mentions that countries that have a more equal distribution of income tend to have lower rates of infant mortality, life expectancy, malnutrition, obesity, teenage pregnancy, economic insecurity, personal anxiety, and other measures, in comparison to countries that have a larger income inequality, such as the United States (Shaw, 2017, p. 92). It is even believed that income equality can promote economic growth (Shaw,…How does inequality affect the developing countries? (Example The Philippines).Sadie T.M. Alexander (1898-1989) was the first black woman in the U.S. to receive a PhD in Economics (1921). Alexander wrote and spoke extensively on economic and racial justice. She emphasized that black Americans experienced disproportionate income losses during the Great Depression of the 1930s relative to white Americans and that income inequality may have contributed to the Depression: Our economy went into a downward spiral… because our distribution of income was such that the masses had no income to purchase goods and the investors refused to place their income and capital in industry because there was no one with money to buy the products. (Alexander 1945 as cited in Banks 2008). She also objected to high unemployment: She saw it as leading to heightened discrimination against black workers and argued in favor of “the right of all individuals to earn a decent living” (circa 1930s/40s as cited in Banks 2008). Is Alexander’s position on the ethics of labor market and income…
- As the article notes, Atkinson argued that "[inequality] cannot, in general, be measured without introducing social judgments. Measures such as the Gini coefficient are not purely 'statistical'....” He specifically saw the Atkinson Index as a way of assessing inequality in line with Rawls' vision of distributive justice. Based on what you know about Rawls and the Atkinson Index, explain how they are connected.Poverty is measured by the number of people who fall below a certain level of income—called the poverty line—that defines the income one needs for a basic standard of living. The official definition of the poverty line traces back to Group of answer choices A)The Great Depression B)Mollie Orshansky, whose idea was to define a poverty line based on the cost of a healthy diet. C)1953 and the ability to pay for housing and food. D)The 1965 cost of providing food, housing, and transportation.What is the urban inequality rate compared to national inequality rate in Rio de Janeiro? Give a comparison of urban poverty and urban inequality rates in Rio.
- How can profit motive lead to income inequality? (Pages 33 – 35) pages 33 Investment is necessary but risky. It has already been establishedthat capitalism is the most effective and efficient system for wealthcreation and economic prosperity. The path to economic successconsists in investment that is guided by supportive governmentpolicies and institutions. The success of capitalism, in turn, isderived from the success of business enterprises in their roles asjob creators and income-generating agents. However, investmentrequires enormous risk and sacrifice, along with one’s willingnessto undertake such risky ventures, which are based on the potentialreturns on the investment capital. A successful investor must notonly possess organizational and managerial skills, but he or shemust also be willing to take enormous risks. Tanner (2016) madethe point that one of the prerequisites for economic growth isto have individuals who are ambitious, skilled risk-takers andwho are ever striving for…what do each of the school of economics - classical, neoclasscial, austrian, marxian, keynesian, institutionalism, chicago, behavioural, feminist, buddhist, ecological and evolutionary economics think about income inequality and what there proposed solutions?What are three policy solutions to lessen the economic consequences of inequality. Explain in detail.
- Answer this question under 100 words and draw a Lorenz graph to explain it. In the Financial Times’ article “How the pandemic is worsening inequality” (31 Dec 2020) we can read: “About 600m people work globally in the hardest-hit sectors such as hospitality and retail [...]. In addition, the informal economy has been hard-hit – and that is where some of the world’s most vulnerable workers are employed. [...] At the height of the pandemic-induced surge in unemployment, joblessness among people aged 15 to 24 in OECD countries was 7.5 percentage points higher than the start of this year, whereas among those aged 25 and over it rose by 3.2 percentage points. Pandemic-induced job losses have potentially long-lasting consequences: people who start their career during a recession experience lower earnings for a decade after graduation. [...] Around the world, relatively privileged workers have avoided the worst of the pandemic’s economic impact. Up to 40 per cent of those in the ILO’s top…Consider an illustrative economy with the following five incomes: {10, 15, 25, 45, 50}. Calculate the Gini coefficient. Construct a table with the values for the Lorenz curve (use 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, 100% thresholds)How would a utilitarian, a liberal, and a libertarian determine how much income inequality is permissible?