Can you explain why when the pH level was changed from 0 to 5, the ATP production was affected despite the supply of glucose being constant at just 1 mol for both treatments (At 0 pH and 5 pH). What is the reason on why this could have happened?
Q: How does extracellular pH, NADH, and ATP supply can affect catabolic processes in heterotrophs?
A: Catabolic reactions are metabolic pathways that break down big molecules into smaller ones while…
Q: The importance of phospholipids as constituent of cell membrane is because they possess (A) Fatty…
A: The question asks about the importance of phospholipids as a constituent of cell membrane and which…
Q: Explain about Cytochrome P450 in detoxification.
A: Cytochrome P450 (CYP) is a group of enzymes that plays a crucial role in the metabolism of…
Q: 1. What are the effects of pH and temperature to catalase? What is the optimum pH and optimum…
A: Hi! Thank you for the question. We have answered first four questions as it belonged to enzyme and…
Q: When a monosaccharide cyclizes, the carbonyl carbon becomes a chiral center. The pair of…
A: Stereoisomers are the kind of isomers that have the same molecular formula but differ in spatial…
Q: phosphatidylethanolamine sphingomyelin galactosylcerebroside ganglioside cholesterol Hydrophobic…
A: Amphipathic lipids are those that have a water loving (hydrophilic, polar) end and a water fearing…
Q: Which of the following is the correct sequence for the movement of electrons during the…
A: During the light-dependent reactions, light energy is absorbed by photosystems I and II (PSI and…
Q: 1. The number of milligrams of KOH required to neutralize the free and combined fatty acid in one…
A: The saponification number is the number of milligrams of potassium hydroxide (KOH) required to…
Q: The diagram below shows an outline of the aminotransferase mechanism that skips the specific steps…
A: The condensation reaction between an amine group (nitrogen bonded to two or more alkyl/aryl groups)…
Q: 9. In the graph below what is the K₁ for the agonist? Occupancy 1.0- 0.75- 0.5- 0.25- 0 -10 9 8 7 6…
A: KA is the equilibrium dissociation constant of the interaction of an agonist (A) with its receptor…
Q: The disulfide bond between two cysteine residues— is a weak ion-induced dipole attraction.…
A: Disulfide bonds are critical for protein structural stabilisation and are typically found in…
Q: Which type of supercoiling takes the form of extended right-handed coils? a) Positive supercoiling…
A: Supercoiling refers to the twisting and coiling of DNA strands upon themselves, and it is a…
Q: Which of the following gives rise to y-amino butyrate? a) Pyruvate decarboxylation b) Glutamine…
A: γ-Amino butyrate (GABA) is an amino acid derivative that is synthesized from glutamate through a…
Q: In 1 Role ATP plays metabolic regulation 2 How much energy is required to produce ATP. from ADP.
A: Introduction All living organisms require energy for their body functions. Without energy a living…
Q: Carboxylic acids do not readily undergo certain biochemical reactions; thus, they are often…
A: Carboxylic acids contain a carbonyl carbon attached to hydroxyl group. This arrangement facilitates…
Q: Methionine is an essential amino acid that can be metabolized to homocysteine. Using the figure…
A: Amino acids can be converted into a variety of biomolecules through various metabolic pathways.…
Q: Calvin-Benson Cycle EC Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase 4.1.1.39 oxygenase Enzyme…
A: The Calvin cycle is a process done by photosynthetic plants for carbon dioxide fixation. Here,…
Q: Which ONE of the following fatty acids CANNOT be made from Oleate – 18:1(D9) – in HUMANS? If ALL of…
A: Oleate is a monounsaturated omega-9 fatty acid also known as oleic acid. It is commonly found in…
Q: The graph below is a standard curve generated by plotting the distance travelled by the size…
A: The standard curve generated for an analysis involving separation of proteins along the SD-PAGE gel…
Q: Which of the following is involved in the bio-signaling pathway that includes membrane turnover and…
A: Phosphatidylinositol (PI) is a phospholipid that is found in the cell membrane of eukaryotic cells.…
Q: Write a short note on the biologically important peptides.
A: Introduction: The below answer provides an explanation of the various factors that can affect enzyme…
Q: Draw the skeletal structure of a triacylglycerol that contains three molecules of palmitic acid.…
A: The four types of biological macromolecules are nucleic acids, proteins, lipids and carbohydrates.…
Q: Define isoenzymes and explain their structure, organ distribution and diagnostic importance.
A: Enzymes are high molecular-weight proteins that catalyse biochemical reactions. Enzyme show…
Q: Question 5 of 10 Among the given statements, which one(s) is/are correct about alpha keratin? 1. It…
A: Alpha-keratin is a protein found in vertebrates. It is found in nails, hairs, claws and epidermis of…
Q: The following questions relate to the catalytic mechanism of chymotrypsin. Please answer all…
A: Chymotrypsin is a serine protease. It has 3 vital amino acids which play important catalytic roles…
Q: compute the yield of ATP when one molecule of hexanoic acid (6:0 fatty acid) is completely oxidized…
A: Aerobic respiration is a metabolic pathway that breaks down organic molecules, such as glucose and…
Q: What principles define large polysaccharides, proteins, and nucleic acids?
A: Polysaccharides are large molecules formed by carbohydrates. Proteins are large molecules formed by…
Q: Compounds having the same structural formula but differing in spatial configuration are known as (A)…
A: This answer aims to clarify the difference between four terms related to stereoisomers:…
Q: In the DNA extraction protocol, what is the purpose of squashing the fruit? In the DNA extraction…
A: DNA extraction is necessary because DNA is found inside cells, tightly packed with other molecules…
Q: What are invariant residues? Homologous?
A: Introduction Proteins are the most abundant macromolecules in our body. Amino acids are the building…
Q: Name the key enzymes of gluconeogenesis. Explain how lactate is converted to glucose.
A: Introduction: The below answer explains the process of converting lactate to glucose through the…
Q: 15. A fatty acid which is not synthesized in the body and has to be supplied in the diet is (A)…
A: Regarding a fatty acid that is not synthesized in the body and must be obtained from the diet. The…
Q: Based on your knowledge of metabolism, describe why eating a fat free but high calorie diet can lead…
A: Whenever we intake food, the left over macronutrients in our food (like sugars, proteins, etc) which…
Q: Which of the following catalyzes reactions that incorporate nitrogen derived from glutamine? a)…
A: The enzyme that catalyzes reactions that incorporate nitrogen derived from glutamine is b) Glutamine…
Q: 17. Which of the following is irrelevant in lipogenesis? a. acetyl-CoA b. acyl carrier protein (ACP)…
A: Since you have posted multiple multiple-choice-questions, we will provide the solution only to the…
Q: Using the diagram below, please label A through L and explain steps 1 through 4. Please identify…
A: Cell signalling is the process through which cells interact with one another in order to coordinate…
Q: Milk is deficient in which vitamins? (A)Vitamin C (B) Vitamin A (C)Vitamin B2 (D)Vitamin K
A: Milk is a nutritious beverage that contains a variety of essential nutrients, including protein,…
Q: Which of the following enzymes is unique to the liver? Beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase HMG-CoA…
A: Proteins that catalyse chemical reactions in living organisms are known as enzymes. They function as…
Q: Which of the following is not correct about phosphorylation by IRS on serine residue? a) Target…
A: Phosphorylation is a chemical modification process where a phosphate group is added to a protein.…
Q: ) Calculate the required gram of Tris-Hcl to prepare 1M, 100 ml Tris-HCl (Tris Stock) with mol and…
A: Since we you have posted mulitple questions, the answer to first question is given and you are…
Q: 10. Short note on transport and storage of ammonia.
A: Ammonia (NH3) is a commonly used gas in various industrial applications, such as fertilizers,…
Q: Glycine (C₂H5NO₂) is an essential amino acid. When our bodies use proteins for energy they convert…
A: Glycine is an amino acid, which is one of the building blocks of proteins. It is the simplest amino…
Q: (a) ribose 5-phosphate from glucose 6- phosphate without the concomitant generation of NADPH? (b)…
A: Stoichiometry involves the relationships between the reactants and/or products in the chemical…
Q: How did you get this? -> "1 gram of hemoglobin can carry 1.34 mL of oxygen"
A: There are four subunits in each hemoglobin molecule, each of which has heme groups that contain…
Q: Why is it important that the alcohol used in the DNA extraction is kept cold? The solubility of any…
A: DNA can be extracted from any tissue or cell. There are four basic steps of DNA extraction. They…
Q: Define Km and explain the effect of substrate concentration on enzyme activity.
A: Introduction: The below answer explains the concepts of Km and the effect of substrate concentration…
Q: Biochemical changes during heat and cold.
A: Living organisms are constantly exposed to changes in temperature, which can affect their…
Q: (b) The diagram on the right illustrates the change in the p50 (partial pressure of O₂ required to…
A: Hemoglobin is a protein found in red blood cells that is responsible for transporting oxygen from…
Q: 2. Describe biosynthesis of heme with its disorders.
A: This answer aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the biosynthesis of heme, along with the…
Q: Contrast the resultant orientation of the macrodipoles of cytochrome b562 consisting of 4…
A: Helical structures like alpha-helix secondary structures in proteins have macrodipoles. Every…
Can you explain why when the pH level was changed from 0 to 5, the ATP production was affected despite the supply of glucose being constant at just 1 mol for both treatments (At 0 pH and 5 pH). What is the reason on why this could have happened?
Step by step
Solved in 3 steps
- Calculating ATP Yield 'Assumes an ATP equivalence: 2.5 ATP per NADH and 1.5 ATP per FADH2. * Assumes an ATP equivalence: 3 ATP per NADH and 2 ATP per FADH2. CH3(CH,) COOH ** 1st Formula 2nd Formula Capric Acid (7 x C) - 6 (8.5 x C) -7 Carbons = 10 (7 x 10) - 6 = 64ATP (8.5 x 10) - 7 = 78ATP 1. Palmitic Acid is a saturated long-chain fatty acid with a 16-carbon backbone. It is found naturally in palm oil and palm kernel oil, as well as in butter, cheese, milk and meat. Its chemical formula is CH;(CH2)14COOH. Calculate ATP using the first formula.The pH values of the different compartments are shown below: matrix Intermembrane space Cytosol pH 7.8 – 8.0 pH ~ 7.0pH 7.0 – 7.4 Proton flow through ATP synthase leads to the formation of ATP, a process defined as the binding-change mechanism that was initially proposed by Boyer. Briefly explain Boyer’s binding change mechanism for the ATP synthase.calculate the reaction velocity at saturating substrate concentrations. Your numerical answer is assumed to be in units of M sec-1. [S] = 100 mM k1 = 10 sec-1 k2 = 3000 sec-1 k-1 = 20 sec-1 [E]T = 1 \muμM
- Velocity, activity units/mg protein 31 5 4 3 ~ 0 5 15 20 Aspartate concentration, mM 10 - Control - With CTP With ATP 25 Figure 2: Kinetics of ATCase in the presence of ATP and CTP (based on Gerhart and Pardee, 1962). The kinetics of the ATCase reaction were examined using increasing concentrations of aspartate, in the presence and absence of CTP and ATP as shown in Figure 2. a. What information can you obtain by looking at the shapes of the curves in this figure? b. What kinetic parameter(s) change in the presence of CTP? What parameter(s) do not change? What is the significance of these observations? c. Answer question 2b for ATP.A solution containing 0.00001 M ATP has transmission 70.2\% at 260 nm in 1 cm cuvette calculate the transmission of solution in a 3 cm cuvetteCalculate the actual, physiological ΔG for the reaction at 37 °C, as it occurs in the cytosol of neurons, with phosphocreatine at 4.7 mM, creatine at 1.0 mM, ADP at 0.73 mM, and ATP at 2.6 mM.
- Free energy changes under intracellular conditions differ markedly from those determined under standard conditions. AG" =-30.5 kJ/mol for ATP hydrolysis to ADP and P,. Calculate AG for ATP hydrolysis in a cell at 37 °C that contains [ATP] =3 mM, [ADP] =1mM, and [P] =1 mM.Calculate the ΔG° for the making of 30 ATP from 30 ADP ATP + H2O ↔ ADP + Pi ∆G°’ = –30.5 kJ/mol ATP + H2O ↔ AMP + PPi ∆G°’ = –45.6 kJ/molInside cells, the AG value for the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP + Pi is approximately -50 kJ/mol (-12 kcal/mol). Calculate the approximate ratio of [ATP] to [ADP][Pi ] in cells at 37°C. AG = AG + RT InKe R= 8.315 x 10³ kJ mol deg T= 298 K Table 15.1 Standard free energies of hydrolysis of some phosphorylated compounds Compound kJ mol- kcal mol- Phosphoenolpyruvate 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate Creatine phosphate ATP (to ADP) -61.9 -14.8 -49.4 -11.8 -43.1 -10.3 -30.5 - 7.3 - 5.0 Glucose 1-phosphate Pyrophosphate Glucose 6-phosphate -20.9 -19.3 -4.6 -13.8 3.3 Glycerol 3-phosphate - 9.2 2.2 biochemistry
- Carbonic anhydrase catalyzes the hydration of CO. CO2 + H2O ¬ H½CO3 The Km of this enzyme for CO, is 1.20×104 µ.M. When [CO,] = 3.60×104 µM, the rate of reaction was 4.50 umol·mL! sec-1 a What is Vmax for this enzyme? umol·mL-!sec-!Additional information: ATP production by the ETC and ATP Synthase per glucose varies somewhat depending on the energy required to move NADH into the mitochondria and other energy uses for the hydrogen-ion gradient. Additional questions: 1.) How many ATP's are generally yielded by oxidative phosphorylation from the catabolism of one glucose? 2.) Summarize the total ATP's obtained from a single molecule of glucose, from start to finish? asapCharacterizing Glycolysis List the reactions of glycolysis that a. are energy consuming (under standard-stale conditions), b. are energy yielding (under standard-state conditions), c. consume ATP. d. yield ATP e. are strongly influenced by changes in concentration of substrate and product because of their molecularity. f. are at or near equilibrium in the erythrocyte (see Table 18.2).