Define Epigenetic InheritanceEpigenetic inheritanceMultiple Choiceincludes a subset of epigenetlc changes that are passed from parent to offspring across generations.occurs only in female offspring via processes like DNA methy ationis the inheritance of the poténtiol to have DNA changes occur, not the inheritance of actual epigenetic changesis always the result of environmental effects on the cells in an organisminvolves the inheritance of changes In gene expression thot offects oll traits in an organismPrey1 of 14Ne

The environmental conditions and factors influence the working of genes, these conditions can change…

Define Epigenetic Inheritance Epigenetic inheritance Multiple Choice includes a subset of epigenetic changes that are passed from parent to offspring across generations. occurs only in female offspring via processes lke DNA methylation is the inheritance of the poténtial to have DNA changes occur, not the inheritance of actual epigenetic changes. is always the result of environmental effects on the cells in an organism involves the inheritance of changes In gene expression thot offects oll traits in an organism Prey 1 of 14 Ne

Define Epigenetic Inheritance Epigenetic inheritance Multiple Choice includes a subset of epigenetic changes that are passed from parent to offspring across generations. occurs only in female offspring via processes lke DNA methylation is the inheritance of the poténtial to have DNA changes occur, not the inheritance of actual epigenetic changes. is always the result of environmental effects on the cells in an organism involves the inheritance of changes In gene expression thot offects oll traits in an organism Prey 1 of 14 Ne

Human Heredity: Principles and Issues (MindTap Course List)

11th Edition

ISBN:9781305251052

Author:Michael Cummings

Publisher:Michael Cummings

Chapter6: Cytogenetics: Karyotypes And Chromosome Aberrations

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 17QP

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The following is true about epigenetic gene control: O epigenetic changes to the chromatin may result from childhood development epigenetic changes to the chromatin may result from chemicals in the environment O epigenetic changes to the chromatin may result in cancer O An example of a chromatin change is DNA methylation that prevents gene expression from that area of the DNA
A couple well informed about the epigenetic effects of nutritionand dietary supplements such as choline and folatedecided to take supplements before trying to get pregnant.Their first child was born with hair and eye colors very differentfrom the parents and has been consistently praised by teachersfor learning ability and memory. The couple attributes these characteristicsto their intake of epigenetic supplements. Now theywish to have another child and have informed their physician thatthey intend to greatly increase the amount of supplements theytake to increase the epigenetic effects in their child. The physiciancautioned them that studies available in human trials showno effect of choline on learning and that excess intake of folateduring pregnancy may be associated with an increased risk ofautism spectrum disorder in the child. The couple is convincedthat these studies are not conclusive, and while more research isneeded, they intend to pursue their plan of increasing their…
Effect of Paternal Grandmothers Food Supply on Infant Mortality Researchers are investigating long- reaching epigenetic effects of starvation, in part because historical data on periods of famine are widely available. Before the industrial revolution, a failed harvest in one autumn typically led to severe food shortages the following winter. A retrospective study has correlated female infant mortality at certain ages with the abundance of food during the paternal grandmothers childhood. FIGURE 10.12 shows some of the results of this study. FIGURE 10.12 Graph showing the relative risk of early death of a female child, correlated with the age at which her paternal grandmother experienced a winter with a food supply that was scarce (blue) or abundant (red) during childhood. The dotted line represents no difference in risk of morality. A value above the line means an increases risk; one below the line indicates a reduced risk. 3. There was no correlation between early death of a male child and eating habits of his paternal grandmother, hut there was a strong correlation with the eating habits of his paternal grandfather. What does this tell you about the probable location of epigenetic changes that gave rise to these data?
Effect of Paternal Grandmothers Food Supply on Infant Mortality Researchers are investigating long- reaching epigenetic effects of starvation, in part because historical data on periods of famine are widely available. Before the industrial revolution, a failed harvest in one autumn typically led to severe food shortages the following winter. A retrospective study has correlated female infant mortality at certain ages with the abundance of food during the paternal grandmothers childhood. FIGURE 10.12 shows some of the results of this study. FIGURE 10.12 Graph showing the relative risk of early death of a female child, correlated with the age at which her paternal grandmother experienced a winter with a food supply that was scarce (blue) or abundant (red) during childhood. The dotted line represents no difference in risk of morality. A value above the line means an increases risk; one below the line indicates a reduced risk. 1. Compare the mortality of girls whose paternal grandmothers ate well at age 2 with that of those who experienced famine at the same age. Which girl was more likely to die early? How much more likely was she to die?
. Null alleles (mutant genes) produce no protein product. This is a genetic change. However, epigeneticallysilenced genes also produce no protein product. Howdoes one determine experimentally whether a genehas been silenced by mutation or has been silencedepigenetically?
Proto-oncogenes can be converted to oncogenes in a numberof different ways. In some cases, the proto-oncogene itselfbecomes amplified up to hundreds of times in a cancer cell.An example is the cyclin D1 gene, which is amplified in somecancers. In other cases, the proto-oncogene may be mutatedin a limited number of specific ways, leading to alterations inthe gene product’s structure. The ras gene is an example of aproto-oncogene that becomes oncogenic after suffering pointmutations in specific regions of the gene. Explain why thesetwo proto-oncogenes (cyclin D1 and ras) undergo such differentalterations to convert them into oncogenes
When the DNA of a human cell becomes damaged, the p53 geneis activated. What is the general function of the p53 protein?Is it an enzyme, transcription factor, cell-cycle protein, orsomething else? Describe three ways in which the synthesisof the p53 protein affects cellular function. Why is it beneficialfor these three things to happen when a cell’s DNA hasbeen damaged?
Distinguish between cis- and trans-epigenetic mechanismsthat maintain epigenetic changes.
I. The retinoic acid receptor (RAR) is a transcription factor that is similar to steroid hormone receptors. Thesubstance (ligand) that binds to this receptor is retinoicacid. One of the genes whose transcription is activatedby retinoic acid binding to the receptor is myoD. Thediagram that follows shows a schematic view of theRAR proteins produced by genes into which one oftwo different 12-base double-stranded oligonucleotides had been inserted in the ORF. The insertion site(a–m) associated with each mutant protein is indicatedwith the appropriate letter on the polypeptide map.For constructs encoding proteins a–e, oligonucleotide 1(5′ TTAATTAATTAA 3′ read off either strand) wasinserted into the RAR gene. For constructs encoding proteins f–m, oligonucleotide 2 (5′ CCGGCCGGCCGG 3′)was inserted into the gene.NH2 f g h i j k l m COOHa b c d eThe wild-type RAR protein can both bind DNA and activate transcription weakly in the absence of retinoic acid(RA) and strongly in RA’s presence. Each…
stion 20 of 20 CO Epigenetics is the study of heritable traits that are not induced by changes to DNA sequence. Epigenetic changes can be inherited during somatic cell division to regulate the daughter cells of an individual organism. Most epigenetic modifications are reset prior to meiosis. However, some epigenetic changes can be inherited across generations. For example, environmental factors such as nutrition and chemical exposure can induce heritable epigenetic changes in animal models (Relton and Davey Smith, 2012). Genome imprinting is one type of epigenetic modification in which a cell or organism can reduce the expression of a gene and thereby silence the gene. Genome imprinting is caused by DNA methylation and histone modification, which reduce expression of a gene. The silencing occurs in a parent-of-origin-specific manner, where either the maternally derived allele or the paternally derived allele is imprinted and silenced. Expression occurs only through the nonimprinted…
A p53 knockout mouse in which both copies of p53 are defectivehas been produced by researchers. This type of mouse appears normalat birth. However, it is highly sensitive to UV light. Based onyour knowledge of p53, explain the normal appearance at birth andthe high sensitivity to UV light.
Many human cancers result when a normal gene mutates and leads to uncontrolled growth (a tumor). Genesthat cause cancer when they mutate are called oncogenes. Chemotherapy is effective against many tumorsbecause it targets rapidly dividing cells and kills them.Unfortunately, chemotherapy has many side effects,such as hair loss or nausea, because it also kills many ofour normal cells that are rapidly dividing, such as thosein the hair follicles or stomach lining.Many scientists and large pharmaceutical companiesare excited about the prospects of exploiting theRNAi pathway to selectively inhibit oncogenes in lifethreatening tumors. Explain in very general terms howgene-silencing therapy might work to treat cancer andwhy this type of therapy would have fewer side effectsthan chemotherapy